Abdel-Saheb, I., and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Leaching of heavy metals in soil columns under unsaturated conditions. (1994), p. 123. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Abraham, W.-R., B. Nogales, P. N. Golyshin, D. H. Pieper and K. N. Timmis. Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Degrading Microbial Communities in Soils and Sediments. (2002), Current Opinion in Microbiology 5: 246-253.

Abruzzese, A., A. Rivetta, G. Lucchini, F. Gambale, A. Paganetto, M. Cocucci and G. A. Sacchi. Chelate-Assisted Phytoextraction of Lead from Soil - a Study on Some Parameters Determining the Efficiency. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(2): 103-109.

Adam, G. and H. Duncan. Effect of Diesel Fuel on Growth of Selected Plant Species. (1999), Environ. Geochem. Health 21(4): 353-357.

Adam, G. and H. Duncan. The Effect of Diesel Fuel on Common Vetch (Vicia Sativa L.) Plants. (2003), Environ Geochem Hlth 25(1): 123-130.

Adler, P.A., R. Arora, A. El Ghaouth, D.M. Glenn, and J.M. Solar. Bioremediation of phenolic compounds from water with plant root surface peroxidases. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23:1113-1117.
Peroxidases have been shown to polymerize phenolic compounds, thereby removing them from solution by precipitation. Others have studied the role of root surface associated peroxidases as a defense against fungal root pathogens; however, their use in detoxification of organic pollutants in vivo at the root surface has not been studied. Two plant species, waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart) Solms-Laub.] and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), were tested for both in vitro and in vivo peroxidase activity on the root surface. In vitro studies indicated that root surface peroxidase activities were 181 and 78 nmol tetraguiacol formed min-1 g-1 root fresh wt., for tomato and waterhyacinth, respectively. Light microscope studies revealed that guaiacol was polymerized in vivo at the root surface. Although peroxidase was evenly distributed on tomato roots, it was distributed patchily on waterhyacinth roots. In vitro studies using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the efficiency of peroxidase to polymerize phenols vary with phenolic compound. We suggest that plants may be utilized as a source of peroxidases for removal of phenolic compounds that are on the EPA priority pollutant list and that root surface peroxidases may minimize the absorption of phenolic compounds into plants by -precipitating them at the root surface. In this study we have identified a new use for root-associated proteins in ecologically engineering plant systems for bioremediation of phenolic compounds in the soil and water environment.

Adler, T. Botanical cleanup crews. (1996), Sci. News. 150:42-43.

Ahlf, W., W. Calmano, J. Erhard, and U. Fostner. Comparison of five bioassay techniques for assessing sediment-bound contaminants. (1989), Hydrobiologia. 188-189:285-290.

Aitchison, E. W. Phytoremediation of 1,4-Dioxane by Hybrid Poplar Trees. (1998), Civil and Environemental Engineering. Iowa City, Iowa, University of Iowa: 151.

Aitchison, E. W., S. L. Kelley, P. J. Alvarez and J. L. Schnoor. Phytoremediation of 1,4-Dioxane by Hybrid Poplar Trees. (2000), Wat. Environ. Res. 72(3): 313-321.

Aitchson, E.W., J.L. Schnoor, S.L. Kelley, and P.J.J. Alvarez. Abstract: Phytoremediation of 1,4-dioxane by hybrid poplars. (1997), Presentation 44. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.

Ajithkumar, P.V., K.P. Gangadhara, P. Manilal, and A.A.M. Kunhi. Soil inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3mT eliminates the inhibitory effect of 3-chloro- and 4-chlorobenzoate on tomato seed germination. (1998), Soil Biol. Biochem. 30(8/9):1053-1059.

Ajmal, M, and A.U. Khan. Effect of electroplating factory effluent on the germination and growth of hyacinth bean and mustard. (1985), Environ. Res. 38(2):248-256.

Akcin, G. Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Biomass. (2001), Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences 25(3): 143-152.

Akçin, G., Ö. Saltabas, and H. Afsar. Removal of lead by water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). (1994), J. Environ. Sci. Health. A29(10):2177-2184.

Alami, Y., W. Achouak, C. Marol and T. Heulin. Rhizosphere Soil Aggregation and Plant Growth Promotion of Sunflowers by an Exophlysaccharide-Producing Rhizobium Sp Strain Isolated from Sunflower Roots. (2000), Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(8): 3393-3398.

Al-Assi, A.A. Uptake of PAH's by alfalfa and fescue. (1993), M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.

Al-Assi, A.A., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Uptake of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by alfalfa and fescue. (1993), p. 333. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Albers, P.H., and M. Camardese. Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates: Wetlands, ponds, and small lakes. (1993), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12(6):969-976.

Alcantara, E., R. Barra and M. e. a. Benlloch. Phytoremediation of a Metal Contaminated Area in Southern Spain. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(1): 33-35.

Ali, M. B., R. D. Tripathi, U. N. Rai, A. Pal and S. P. Singh. Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Pollution Level of Lake Nainital (U.P., India): Role of Macrophytes and Phytoplankton in Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation of Toxic Metal Ions. (1999), Chemosphere 39(12): 2171-2182.

Ali, N. A., M. P. Bernal and M. Ater. Tolerance and Bioaccumulation of Copper in Phragmites Australis and Zea Mays. (2002), Plant & Soil 239(1): 103-111.

Alkorta, I. and C. Garbisu. Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants in Soils. (2001), Bioresource Technology 79: 273-276.

Alleman, B. E. and A. Lesson. In situ and on-site bioremediation: Vol 2. (1997), Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA.

Alvey, S., and D.E. Crowley. Survival and activity of an atrazine-degrading bacterial consortium in rhizosphere soil. (1996), Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:1596-1603.
Plant rhizosphere effects on atrazine degradation were examined in soil inoculated with an atrazine-mineralizing bacterial consortium. The consortium, consisting of three bacterial species, was isolated from an agricultural soil having previous long-term exposure to the herbicide. Atrazine mineralization and metabolite formation were monitored by measuring 14CO2 evolution from microcosms amended with radiolabeled atrazine and by HPLC of soil extracts. In noninoculated soil, ca. 11% of 14C-chain-labeled atrazine was N-dealkylated, while only 2.4% of the ring-labeled atrazine was mineralized after 5 weeks. Corn plants had no effect on atrazine mineralization or ethyl-side-chain N-dealkylation in noninoculated soils, but the formation of hydroxyatrazine was significantly enhanced in planted soil. Growth of corn in sterilized soil suggested that hydroxyatrazine formation was caused by plant metabolism of atrazine. Introduction of the atrazine-mineralizing consortium into the soil significantly increased the rate of atrazine mineralization in comparison to noninoculated soil. After 4 weeks, 71% of the atrazine was mineralized in nonplanted soil, whereas 84% of the atrazine was mineralized in soil with corn plants. There was no significant difference in the rate of atrazine mineralization by the consortium in nonplanted and planted soil. However, atrazine-mineralizing populations at the end of the incubation were higher in the planted soil, which contained 8.1 X 104 degraders g-1 of soil versus 2.7 X 103 degraders g-1 in soil without plants. The results demonstrated that bioaugmentation with the atrazine-mineralizing consortium greatly enhanced the rate of atrazine mineralization. Long-term survival of the consortium and degradation of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine were both enhanced in rhizosphere soil, but corn seedlings had no significant effect on the rate of atrazine mineralization, either by the indigenous microflora or in soil inoculated with atrazine-mineralizing bacteria.

Al-Yousfi, A. B., R. J. Chapin, T. A. King and S. I. Shah. Phytoremediation - the Natural Pump-and-Treat and Hydraulic Barrier System. (2000), Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, & Radioactive Waste Management 4(2): 73-77.

Amadi, A., A.A. Dickson, and G.O. Maate. Remediation of oil-polluted soils: 1. Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient supplements on the performance of Maize (Zea may L.). (1993), Water Air Soil Pollut. 66:59-77.

Anderson, C., R. Brooks, A. Chiarucci, C. LaCoste, M. Leblanc, B. Robinson, R. Simcock and R. Stewart. Phytomining for Nickel, Thallium and Gold. (1999), J. Geochem. Explor. 67(1-3): 407-415.

Anderson, J.W., and A.R. Scarf. Selenium and plant metabolism. (1983), pp. 241-275. In D.A. Robb and W.S. Pierpoint (eds.), Metals and micronutrients: Uptake and utilization by plants. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Anderson, P. These plants sop up metal pollutants. (1987), Business Week. March 9. p. 103.

Anderson, T. A. Comparitive Plant Uptake and Microbial Degradation of Trichloroethylene in the Rhizosphere of Five Plant Species-Implications for Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soils. (1992), University of Tennesse.

Anderson, T.A. Comparative plant uptake and microbial degradation of trichloroethylene in the rhizospheres of five plant species: Implications for bioremediation of contaminated surface soils. (1991), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

Anderson, T.A., A.M. Hoylman, N.T. Edwards, and B.T. Walton. Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetation: A comparison of experimental methods. (1997), In W. Wang, J. Gorsuch, and J.S. Hughs (eds.), Plants for Environmental Studies. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Anderson, T.A., and B.T. Walton. Comparative fate of [14C]trichloroethylene in the root zone of plants from a former solvent disposal site. (1995), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:2041-2047.
A comparison of the environmental fate of [14C]trichloroethylene ([14C]TCE) in vegetated and nonvegetated soils from a contaminated field site indicated increased mineralization (14CO2 production) in soils containing vegetation. Mineralization in soils containing Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont), Pinus taeda (L.), Solidago sp. (all collected form a former chlorinated solvent disposal site), and Glycine max, germinated from commercially available seeds, accounted for >26% of the total recovered radioactivity compared with approximately 15% for nonvegetated soil and <9% for control (sterile ) soil. Uptake of 14C into plant tissues ranged from 1 to 21% total for leaves (or needles), stems, and roots and appeared to be related to plant species and water use during the experiment. The higher mineralization rates for [14C]TCE in the vegetated soils compared with nonvegetated soil indicates that the rhizosphere provides a favorable environment for microbial degradation of organic compounds. Therefore, vegetation may play an important role in enhancing biological remediation of contaminated surface soils in situ.

Anderson, T.A., and J.R. Coats. An overview of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere and its implications for bioremediation. (1995), pp. 135-143. In H.D. Skipper and R.F. Turco (eds.), Bioremediation: Science and Applications. SSSA Special Publication 43. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Anderson, T.A., and J.R. Coats (eds.). Bioremediation through rhizosphere technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. (1994), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 249 pp.

Anderson, T.A., D.C. White, and B.T. Walton. Degradation of hazardous organic compounds by rhizosphere microbial communities. (1995), Prog. Ind. Microbiol. 32:205.

Anderson, T.A., E.A. Guthrie, and B.T. Walton. Bioremediation in the rhizosphere. (1993), Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:2630-2636.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Enhanced microbial degradation in the rhizosphere of plants from contaminated sites. (1993), Paper 93-WA-89.01. 86th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, June 13-18, 1993, Denver, CO.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Poster Abstract: Herbicide degradation by rhizosphere microbial communities. (1995), p. 74. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Poster Abstract: Herbicide degradation by rhizosphere microbial communities. (1995), p. 282. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.
The use of vegetation at waste sites is a logical approach to improving microbial degradation of xenobiotics by overcoming some of the inherent limitations to biological cleanup approaches such as low microbial populations or inadequate microbial activity. Plants are known to influence soil microorganisms in positive ways by exuding organic substances into the root zone and providing a microhabitat conducive to proliferation. Previous research has demonstrated that rhizosphere soils or microorganisms isolated from rhizosphere soils often exhibit accelerated rates of xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting that plants might be valuable as a cost-effective approach for biological remediation of waste sites.An area where cost-effective approaches to remediation are in particular need is retail agrochemical dealer sites. Many of these dealerships have experienced soil and water contamination problems from normal operating procedures and accidents during the last 40 years. In most instances, the costs associated with current cleanup technologies preclude their use at these facilities.A potential limitation to using vegetation exists at these sites because of the presence of mixtures of herbicide contaminants at concentrations several-fold above the field application rate. Nonetheless, herbicide-tolerant and herbicide-resistant plants, including kochia (Kochia scoparia), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) routinely inhabit these environments. Previously, we demonstrated that the degradation of atrazine, metolachlor and trifluralin was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils from Kochia scoparia than in nonvegetated soils. In addition, mineralization of 14C-atrazine in a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor (50 mg/g each) was significantly greater in Kochia scoparia rhizosphere soils than nonvegetated soils. In both studies, soils were collected from retail agrochemical dealer sites where mixtures of herbicides were present in the soil at concentrations several-fold above the field application rate. In addition, rhizosphere soils from other plant species were tested for their ability to mineralize atrazine or metolachlor at concentrations typical of point-source contamination (50mg/g). Several rhizosphere soils tested positive for 14C-atrazine mineralization (greater than or equal to 8.5%) including lambsquarters (Chenopodium berlandieri), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), witchgrass (Panicum capillare), catnip (Nepeta cataria) and musk thistle (Carduus nutans). These results suggest that plants might be managed at pesticide-contaminated sites to help facilitate microbial degradation of wastes in soils.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Rhizosphere microbial communities of herbicide-tolerant plants as potential bioremedients of soils contaminated with agrochemicals. (1995), pp. 149-157. In B.S. Schepart (ed.), Bioremediation of pollutants in soil and water, ASTM STP 1235, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Biological degradation of pesticide wastes in the root zone of soils collected at an agrochemical dealership. (1994a), pp. 199-209. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Anderson, T.A., E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Enhanced degradation of a mixture of three herbicides in the rhizosphere of a herbicide-tolerant plant. (1994a), Chemosphere. 28:1551-1557.
The rhizosphere of herbicide-tolerant plants may be an important component in biologically remediating pesticide-contaminated soils. A pesticide-contaminated site at an agrochemical dealership in Iowa was characterized, and soil from the site was brought to the laboratory for degradation experiments. Three major herbicides were identified in the soils by gas chromatography- atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin. Although concentrations of these chemicals were as high as 2 to 3 times field application rates, herbicide-tolerant plants were found growing in the contaminated soil from Kochia sp. And in edaphosphere (nonvegetated) soil. The rhizosphere soil had an order of magnitude higher microbial numbers (4.2 X 105) compared with the edaphosphere soil (3.5 X 104). A degradation experiment that did not incorporate vegetation was carried out by using sterile control soil, Kochia sp. Rhizosphere soil, and edaphosphere soil spiked with a mixture of atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin at levels typical of point-source spills. Significantly (p<0.10) enhanced degradation was observed in the rhizosphere soil after 14-d incubations. Microorganisms in nonvegetated soil also showed the ability to degrade the three compounds, but not to the extent of the rhizosphere soil. Some abiotic degradation occurred for all three herbicides. The results of these preliminary experiments suggest that the rhizosphere of certain plant species may be important for facilitating microbial degradation of pesticide wastes in soils and beneficial for remediating pesticide-contaminated sites.

Anderson, T.A., J.R. Coats, and E.L. Kruger. Pesticide bioremediation: Exploiting the rhizosphere effect. (1994), Paper 94-TP45B.08. 87th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, June 19-24, 1994, Cincinnati, OH.

Andreotti, G., N. Plata, A. Porta and K. Muller. Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon-Polluted Agricultural Soils. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 41-52.

Angle, J. S., R. L. B. Chaney, AJM. Li, Y., R. V. Reeves, V. Roseberg, R. and E. B. Brewer, S. Nelkin, J. Developing Commercial Phytoextraction Technologies: Practical Considerations. (2001), South African Journal of Science 97(11-12): 619-623.

Angle, J.S. Rhizosphere facilitated catabolism of organics. (1995), pp. 44-45. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Anhalt, J., E. Arthur, T. Anderson and J. Coats. Degradation of Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Pendimethalin in Pesticide-Contaminated Soils: Effects of Aged Residues on Soil Respiration and Plant Survival. (2000), J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes 35(4): 417-438.

Anhalt, J.C., E.L. Kruger, D.L. Sorensen, B. Nelson, S. Zhao, and J.R. Coats. Abstract: Bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils: Herbicide interactions and phytoremediation studies. (1997), Poster 44. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Degradation studies were carried out in pesticide-contaminated soils from an Iowa agrochemical dealer site to look at interaction of herbicide mixtures. Atrazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin were applied individually and in all possible combinations to soil. The rate of application for each chemical was 50 ug/g, representative of contamination problems at mixing and loading areas of agrochemical dealer sites. Treated soils were incubated at 24 ¦C in the dark for 0, 21, 63, and 160 d, and soil moisture tension was maintained at -33 kPa. Germination and survival of kochia, giant foxtail, birdsfoot trefoil, canola, and soybean were evaluated using subsamples of the treated soils at the end of each incubation period. Plant survival was very good for soybean and canola, but quite poor for kochia. Concentrations of each herbicide were determined by gas chromatography at day 0, 21, 63, and 160. The degradation of atrazine was rapid with less than 6 ,ug/g remaining after 63 d. There was no significant difference among the treatments. Pendimethalin showed no degradation in any of the treatments after 160 d. Preliminary findings indicate that metolachlor degradation was greater when applied with atrazine than with the other treatments. Soil respiration was measured by infrared gas analysis for 10 d at the end of each incubation period. Respiration levels were elevated for the first 6 d immediately following treatment, and then declined to very low levels. At the end of day 21, 63, and 160, soil respiration remained at very low levels. Additional studies were carried out in the greenhouse, using pesticide-contaminated soils from the same location to determine the influence of vegetation on aged pendimethalin residue and freshly applied atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin mixtures. Plant species included in this study were natural prairie grasses, woody rose, multiflower rose, and cocklebur. Results will be presented.

Ansede, J. H., P. J. Pellechia and D. C. Yoch. Selenium Biotransformation by the Salt Marsh Cordgrass Spartina Alterniflora: Evidence for Dimethylselenoniopropionate Formation. (1999), Environmental Science & Technology 33(12): 2064-2069.

Antosiewicz, D.M. Poster Abstract: Higher Pb-tolerance of a plant is accompanied by higher tolerance to a Ca deficit. (1995), p. 112. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Aoki, D.F. The uptake of arsenic and cadmium in mine tailings by poplar trees. (1992), M.S. Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Appleby, A.P. Factors in examining fate of herbicides in soil with bioassays. (1985), Weed Sci. 33:2-6.

Aprill, W., and R.C. Sims. Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. (1990), Chemosphere. 20:253-265.
A research project was conducted to evaluate enhanced treatment of toxic organic chemicals in soil using deep rooted grasses. Eight types of prairie grasses were evaluated in the treatment of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sandy loam soil. The extent of PAH disappearance in vegetated soil was significantly greater than in unvegetated soil.

Aranda, J.M., G.A. O'Connor, and G.A. Eiceman. Effects of sewage sludge on diethylhexyl phthalate uptake by plant. (1989), J. Environ. Qual. 18:45-50.
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a priority organic pollutant frequently found in municipal sludges. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sludge on plant uptake of 14C-DEHP (carbonyl labeled). Plants grown included three food chain crops, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Net 14 C concentration in plants grown in soil amended with 14C-DEHP-contaminated sludge was independent of sludge rate (at the same DEHP loading) for lettuce, chile fruit, and carrot roots. Net 14C concentration, however was inversely related to sludge rate in carrot tops, fescue, and chile plants. Intact DEHP was not detected in plants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Calculated plant DEHP concentrations (based on measured net 14C concentrations and DEHP specific activities) were generally correlated better with DEHP soil solution concentrations than with total DEHP soil concentrations. Net 14C-DEHP bioconcentration factors were calculated from initial soil DEHP concentration and plant fresh weights. Bioconcentration factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 for fescue, lettuce, carrots, and chile, suggesting little DEHP uptake. Additionally, because intact DEHP was not detected in any plants, DEHP uptake by plants was of minor importance and would not limit sludge additions to soils used to grow these crops.

Arthur, E., B. Perkovich, T. Anderson and J. Coats. Degradation of an Atrazine and Metolachlor Herbicide Mixture in Pesticide-Contaminated Soils from Two Agrochemical Dealerships in Iowa. (2000), Water Air Soil Pollut. 119(1-4): 75-90.

Arthur, E., H. Crews and C. Morgan. Opimizing Plant Genetic Strategies for Minimizing Environmental Contamination in the Food Chainreport on the Maff Funded Joint Jic/ Csl Workshop Held at the John Innes Centre, October 21–23, 1998. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2.

Arthur, E., J. Anhalt, S. Zhao, M. Kuratomi, T. Moorman, R. Zablotowicz and J. Coats. Phytoremediation with Microbial Inoculation: Effects on Aged Pesticide Mixtures in Soil. (1998), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 216: 086-AGRO.

Arthur, M.A., G. Rubin, and P.B. Woodbury. Uptake and accumulation of selenium by terrestrial plants growing on a coal fly ash landfill. 2. Forage and root caps. (1992), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11(9):1289-1299.

Arunachalam, M. Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rhizosphere soil. (1995), M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Arunachalam, M., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Poster Abstract: Biodegradation and dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil rhizosphere. (1995), p. 285. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Assche, F.V. and H. Clijester. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. (1990), Plant Cell Environ. 13(3):195-206.

Atherton, T.L., and B.A. McClure. Poster Abstract: Self-incompatibility in Nicotiana longsdorffi. (1995), p. 113. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Atlas, R. M. Bioremediation. (1995), C&E News. April 3, 1995. 32-42.

Attieh, J., A.D. Hanson, and H.S. Saini. Poster Abstract: Halide and bisulfide methylation by higher plants: a novel ion detoxification mechanism. (1995), p. 86. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Azadpour, A., and J.E. Matthews. Remediation of metal-contaminated sites using plants. (1996), Remed. Summer. 6(3):1-19.

Azaizeh, H.A., S. Gowthaman, and N. Terry. Microbial selenium volatilization in rhizosphere and bulk soils from a constructed wetland. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:666-672.

Bachmann, G., and H. Kinzel. Physiological and ecological aspects of the interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere soil. (1992), Soil Biol. Biochem. 24:543-552.

Bae, W., and R.K. Mehra. Metal-binding characteristics of a phytochelatin analog (Glu-Cys)(2)Gly. (1997), J. Inorg. Biochem. 68(3):201.

Baghour, M., D. A. Moreno, G. Villora, J. Hernandez, N. Castilla and L. Romero. Phytoextraction of Cd and Pb and Physiological Effects in Potato Plants (Solanum Tuberosum Var. Spunta): Importance of Root Temperature. (2001), J. Agri.& Food Chem. 49(11): 5356-5363.

Baghour, M., D. A. Moreno, G. Villora, J. Hernandez, N. Castilla and L. Romero. The Influence of the Root Zone Temperatures on the Phytoextraction of Boron and Aluminium with Potato Plants Growing in the Field. (2002), Journal Of Environmental Science & Health 37(5): 939-953.

Baghour, M., D. A. Moreno, G. Villora, J. Hernandez, N. Castilla and L. Romero. Root Zone Temperature Affects the Phytoextraction of Ba, Cl, Sn, Pt, and Rb Using Potato Plants (Solanum Tuberosum L. Var. Spunta) in the Field. (2002), Journal Of Environmental Science & Health Part A- Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 37(1): 71-84.

Baghour, M., D. A. Moreno, J. Hernandez, N. Castilla and L. Romero. Influence of Root Temperature on Phytoaccumulation of as, Ag, Cr, and Sb in Potato Plants (Solanum Tuberosum L. Var. Spunta). (2001), Journal Of Environmental Science & Health Part A- Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 36(7): 1389-1401.

Baker, A.J.M. Metal-accumulating plants: The biological resource and its commercial exploitation in soil clean-up technology. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Baker, A.J.M. Accumulators and excluders - Strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. (1981), J. Plant Nutr. 3:643-654.

Baker, A.J.M. Metal hyperaccumulation by plants: Our present knowledge of the ecophysiological phenomenon. (1995), In Interdisciplinary Plant Group (eds.), Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, 1995, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology, April 19-22, 1995, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Baker, A.J.M., and P.L. Walker. Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants. (1990), In A.J. Shaw (ed.), Heavy metal tolerance in plants: Evolutionary aspects. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL.

Baker, A.J.M., and R.R. Brooks. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metal elements - A review of their distribution, ecology, and phytochemistry. (1989), Biorecovery. 1:81-126.

Baker, A.J.M., J. Procter, M.M.J. Van Balgooy, and R.D. Reeves. Hyperaccumulation of nickel by the ultramafic flora of Palawan, Republic of the Philippines. (1992), pp. 291-304. In A.J.M. Baker, J. Proctor and R.D. Reeves (eds.), The Ecology of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils. Intercept Ltd., Andover, Hants.

Baker, A.J.M., J. Proctor, and R.D. Reeves (eds.). The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils. (1992), Intercept Ltd., Andover, NH.

Baker, A.J.M., K. Ewart, G.A.F. Hendry, P.C. Thorpe, and P.L. Walker. The evolutionary basis of cadmium tolerance in higher plants. (1990), pp. 23-29. In J. Barcelo (ed.), Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Environmental Contamination, Oct. 1990. CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, UK.

Baker, A.J.M., R.D. Reeves, and A.S.H. Hajar. Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J & C Press (Brassicaceae). (1994), New Phytol. 127:61-68.

Baker, A.J.M., R.D. Reeves, and S.P. McGrath. In situ decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants - A feasibility study. (1991), pp. 600-605. In R.E. Hinchee and R.F. Oflenbuttel (eds.), In Situ Bioreclamation: Applications and Investigations for Hydrocarbon and Contaminated Site Remediation. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA.

Baker, A.J.M., R.R. Brooks, A.J. Pease, and F. Malaisse. Studies of copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa within the genus Silene L. (Caryophyllacease) in Zaire. (1983), Plant Soil. 73:377-385.

Baker, A.J.M., R.R. Brooks, and R.D. Reeves. Growing for gold...and copper...and zinc. (1988), New Sci. 117:44-48.

Baker, A.J.M., S.P. McGrath, C.M.D. Sidoli, and R.D. Reeves. The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants. (1994), Environmental Biotechnology in Waste Treatment & Recycle International Conference, Hong Kong. Resour. Conserv. Recycle. 11:41-49.

Baker, A.J.M., S.P. McGrath, C.M.D. Sidoli, and R.D. Reeves. The potential for heavy metal decontamination. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3(3):12-14.

Baldwin, I.L. Modification of the soil flora induced by application of crude petroleum. (1922), Soil Sci. 14:465-477.
1. The soil flora is changed remarkably by applications of crude petroleum. Most types of bacteria are inhibited by the action of the crude petroleum, but some few types are very greatly stimulated by its action. Mold growth is not inhibited by the action of the crude petroleum.2. Ammonia production in the soil is lowered slightly by applications of crude petroleum. The ammonia produced in the soil is probably the result of mold growth and not bacterial action as the bacterial types favored by the crude petroleum are not able to form ammonia from organic material.3. When first applied, nitrate production in the soil is completely inhibited by the crude petroleum. The inhibitory action lasts over a varying period of time, depending up on the size of the application, and is followed by a period of rather slow nitrification, which gradually becomes more intense. The data in regard to crop growth are not conclusive, but the indications are that small applications of crude petroleum to the soil do not injure its crop-producing power. Larger applications have a detrimental influence partly because of their effect on the physical condition of the soil. 4. It seems that crude petroleum when incorporated in soil is gradually broken down into simpler products and the effect of its presence is no longer apparent.

Balke, N. E. and T. P. Price. Relationship of Lipophicity to Influx and Efflux of Triazine Herbicideds in Oat Roots. (1988), Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 30: 228-237.

Ban˜uelos, G. S., M. C. Shannon, H. Ajwa, J. H. Draper, J. Jordahl and L. Licht. Phytoextraction and Accumulation of Boron and Selenium by Poplar (Populus) Hybrid Clones. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(1).

Ban˜uelos, S., J. S. Tebbets, J. A. Johnson, P. V. Vail and B. Mackey. Insect Diversity in Phytoremediation and Bioaccumulation of Se. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(4).

Banerjee, S., T. Shang, A. Wilson, A. Moore, S. Strand, M. Gordon and S. Doty. Expression of Functional Mammalian P450 2e1 in Hairy Root Cultures. (2002), Bio/Technology and Bioengineering 77(4): 462-466.

Banks, M.K. Phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils: field assessment. Phytoremediation. In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation: Volume 3, 305-308.

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, and R.S. Govindaraju. Poster Abstract: Phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soil: A technology transfer project. (1995), p. 284. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, and R.S. Govindaraju. Abstract: Assessment of phytoremediation in field trials. (1997), Presentation 51. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, and X. Wang. Laboratory and greenhouse assessment of phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils. (1996), Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 212: 105-AGRO.

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, G.R. Fleming, and B.A. Hetrick. Effects of plants and soil microflora on leaching of zinc from mine tailings. (1994), Chemosphere. 29:1691-1699.

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, J.S. Smith, K. Miller, K. Rathbone, and P. Kulakow. Bioavailability of Petroleum Contaminants in Vegetated Soil. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA..

Banks, M.K., A.P. Schwab, R.S. Govindaraju, and Z. Chen. Abstract: Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation - a technology transfer project. (1994), p. 264. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Banks, M.K., and A.P Schwab. Abstract: Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil: laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies. (1995), Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Evaluations, August 10-12, 1995, Rye Brook, NY. EPA/600/R-95/076.

Banks, M.K., and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. (1994), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, Volume I, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Banks, M.K., B.A.D. Hetrick, A.P. Schwab, K.G. Shetty, I. Abdelsaheb, and G. Fleming. Characterization of a heavy metal contaminated site. (1992), pp. 463-467. In Proceedings of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE Water Forum, Baltimore, MD.

Banks, M.K., C.Y. Waters, and A.P. Schwab. Influence of organic acids on leaching of heavy metals from contaminated mine tailings. (1994), J. Environ. Health, A29(5), 1045-1056.

Banks, M.K., G.R. Fleming, A.P. Schwab, and B.A. Hetrick. Effects of the rhizosphere microflora on heavy metal movement in soil. (1994), Chemosphere.

Banks, M.K., S. Pekarek, K. Rathbone, and A.P. Schwab. Phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils: Field assessment. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:305-308.

Banks, M.K., S.C. Wetzel, and A.P. Schwab. Extended Abstract: Phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. (1996), In Preprints of Papers Presented at the 211th ACS National Meeting, March 24-28, 1996, New Orleans, LA. American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 36(1).

Bankston, J. L., D. L. Sola, A. T. Komor and D. F. Dwyer. Degradation of Trichloroethylene in Wetland Microcosms Containing Broad-Leaved Cattail and Eastern Cottonwood. (2002), Water Research 36: 1539-1546.

Bankston, J. L., J. T. Duffey and A. W. Bourquin. Innovative Approaches for Groundwater Remediation Using Natural Attenuation and Phytoremediation. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 33-40.

Banuelos, G. S. The Green Technology of Selenium Phytoremediation. (2001), Biofactors 14(1-4): 255-260.

Banuelos, G. S., A. Zayed, N. Terry, L. Wu, S. Akohoue and S. Zambrzuski. Accumulation of Selenium by Different Plant Species Grown under Increasing Sodium and Calcium Chloride Salinity. (1996), Plant & Soil 183(1): 49-59.

Banuelos, G. S., S. Zambrzuski and B. Mackey. Phytoextraction of Selenium from Soils Irrigated with Selenium-Laden Effluent. (2000), Plant & Soil 224(2): 251-258.

Banuelos, G., H. Ajwa, L. Wu and S. Zambrzuski. Is Phytoremediation up to the Selenium Challenge?. (1998), Soil Groundwater Cleanup(Feb/Mar): 6-10.

Banuelos, G., H. Ajwa, L. Wu and S. Zambrzuski. Selenium Accumulation by Brassica Napus Grown in Se-Laden Soil from Different Depths of Kesterson Reservoir. (1998), J. Soil Contam. 7( 4): 481-496.

Banuelos, G., H. Ajwa, N. Terry and A. Zayed. Phytoremediation of Selenium Laden Soils: A New Technology. (1997), J. Soil Water Conserv. 52(6): 426-430.

Banuelos, G.S. Extended Abstract: Managing high levels of B and Se with trace element accumulator crops. (1994), pp. 1344-1347. Symposium, Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, 1994 Book of Abstracts, Volume II of II, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Banuelos, G.S. Abstract: Bioremediation as a potential method to remove selenium from seleniferous soils. (1995), p. C4. In Proceedings, Abstracts, Third International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, May 15-19, 1995, Paris, France.

Banuelos, G.S. Phytoremediation of Se-laden soils in central California. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Banuelos, G.S. Bioremediation of seleniferous soils in Central California with selenium accumulator crops. (1993), pp. 219-230. Trilateral Faculty Exchange Seminar, "Food Systems and the Environment," August 10-11, 1993, Fresno, CA.

Banuelos, G.S. Using plants to lower selenium concentration in soil. (1989), p. 2. Tenth Annual Central California Research Symposium, May 10, 1989, Fresno, CA.

Banuelos, G.S. Abstract: The use of different plants to lower selenium concentrations in California soils. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Banuelos, G.S. Extended Abstract: Phytoremediation of Se applied to soils in municipal sewage sludge. (1996), First International Conference on Contaminants and the Soil Environment, February 21-28, 1996, Adelaide, South Australia.

Banuelos, G.S., Ajwa, H.A., Wu, L., and Zambrzuski, S. Selenium Accumulation by Brassica napa Grown in Se-Laden Soil from Different Depths of Kesterson Reservoir. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 4481-4496.

Banuelos, G.S., and D.W. Meek. Accumulation of selenium in plants grown on selenium - treated soil. (1990), J. Environ. Qual. 19(4):772-777.

Banuelos, G.S., and D.W. Meek. Effect of salinity and boron on selenium accumulation in wild mustard. (1989), Agron. Abstr. February. p. 31.

Banuelos, G.S., and D.W. Meek. Selenium accumulation in selected vegetables. (1989), J. Plant Nutr. 12(10):1255-1272.

Banuelos, G.S., and G. Schrale. Plants that remove selenium form soils. (1989), California Agric. May/June. pp. 19-20.

Banuelos, G.S., and L.H. Aung. The effects of sodium 2,3-dichloroisobutyrate on growth of wild mustard and the uptake of selenium. (1991), Int. J. Exp. Botany. 52(2):141-150.

Banuelos, G.S., and P. Bueselp. Remediation of selenium and boron contaminated soil with Lotus corniculatus L. (1994), pp. 167-171. In Proceedings, The First International Lotus Symposium, March 22-24, 1994, St. Louis, MO.

Banuelos, G.S., B. Mackey, C. Cook, S. Akohoue, S. Zambrzuski, and P. Samra. Response of cotton and kenaf with boron-laden water and soil. (1995), Crop Sci. 36:158-164.

Banuelos, G.S., B. Mackey, L.L. Wu, S. Zambrzuski, and S. Akohoue. Bioextraction of soil boron by tall fescue. (1995), J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 31:110-116.

Banuelos, G.S., D. Dyer, R. Ahmad, S. Ismail, R.N. Raut, and J.C. Dagar. In search of Brassica germplasm in saline semiarid regions of India and Pakistan for reclamation of selenium-laden soils in the U.S. (1993), J. Soil Water Conserv. 48(6):530-534.

Banuelos, G.S., D.W. Meek, and G.J. Hoffman. The influence of selenium, salinity, and boron on selenium uptake in wild mustard. (1990), Plant Soil. 127:201-206.

Banuelos, G.S., G.E. Cardon, B. Mackey, J. Ben-Asher, L.L. Wu, and P. Beuselinck. Boron and selenium removal in boron-laden soil by Birdsfoot Trefoil. (1992), In P.R. Beuselinck (ed.), LOTUS Newsletter. 23:32-35.

Banuelos, G.S., G.E. Cardon, B. Mackey, J. Ben-Asher, L.L. Wu, P. Beuselinck, and S. Akohoue. Boron and selenium removal in boron-laden soils by four sprinkler-irrigated plant species. (1993), J. Environ. Qual. 22:786-792.
High concentrations of B and Se found in some arid environments are detrimental to sustainable agriculture. Vegetation management may be a remediation strategy designed to reduce soil B and Se concentrations to nontoxic levels. Two separate field experiments were conducted to Study B and Se uptake in four different plant species grown in soil containing high concentrations of B (water-extractable B ranging from 1-10 mg kg-1 soil) and Se (total soil Se ranging from 0.1-1.2 mg kg-1 soil). The four species were Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss (Indian mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb cv. Fawn (tall fescue), Lotus corniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil), and Hibiscus cannibinus L. (kenaf). In the 1990 experiment, there were no differences in either tissue B or Se concentrations among the species. The mean tissue concentration was 105 mg B kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 0.75 mg Se kg-1 DM, respectively. In the 1991 experiment, mean shoot tissue concentrations of B ranged from a low of 96 mg kg-1 DM in tall fescue to a high of 684 mg B kg-1 DM in leaves from kenaf. Indian mustard accumulated the greatest amount of Se (>1 mg Se kg-1 DM), while the mean tissue concentration among the other three species was 0.36 mg Se kg-1 DM. For both experiments, soil samples were taken prior to planting and after harvest for each species to a depth of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and analyzed for water-extractable B and total Se. Summary data from all species indicated that extractable soil B and total Se concentrations were reduced between 0- to 60-cm soil depth by 52 and 47% in 1990, and by 24 and 13% in 1991, respectively. Planting any of the four species tested in B-laden soils may lead to a reduction in both B and Se concentrations in the soil.

Banuelos, G.S., G.E. Cardon, C.J. Phene, L.L. Wu, S. Akohoue, and S. Zambrzuski. Soil boron and selenium removal by three plant species. (1993), Plant Soil. 148:253-263.

Banuelos, G.S., G.E. Cardon, L.L. Wu, S. Zambrzuski, and S. Akohoue. Abstract: Using wild mustard and tall fescue to lower boron and selenium concentration in the soil. (1992), 89th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science, July 31 - August 6, 1992, Honolulu, HI.

Banuelos, G.S., H.A. Ajwa, and S. Zambrzuski. Selenium-induced growth reduction in Brassica land races considered for phytoremediation. (1997), J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 36(3):282.

Banuelos, G.S., H.A. Ajwa, B. Mackey, L.L. Wu, C. Cook, S. Akohoue, and S. Zambrzuski. Evaluation of different plant species used for phytoremediation of high soil selenium. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:639-646.

Banuelos, G.S., H.A. Ajwa, N. Terry, and S. Downey. Abstract: Phytoremediation of selenium-laden effluent. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:303.

Banuelos, G.S., L.H. Aung, S. Akohoue, and D. Fouse. Effects of sodium 2, 3-dichloroisobutyrate (DCB) on dry matter and sugar distribution in the organs of Brassica juncea L. (1995), Czern. Phyton. 57(2):259-165.

Banuelos, G.S., L.L. Wu, S. Adohoue, S. Zambrzuski, and R.R. Mead. Trace element composition of different plant species used for remediation of boron-laden soils. (1993), pp. 425-428. In N.J. Barrow (ed.), Plant Nutrition - From Genetic Engineering to Field Practice. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Plant Nutrition Colloquium, September 21-26, 1993, Perth, Western Australia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecjt/Boston/Lancaster.

Banuelos, G.S., N. Terry, A.M. Zayed, and L.L. Wu. Managing high soil selenium with phytoremediation. (1995), pp. 394-405. In G.E. Schuman and G.F. Vance (eds.), Decades later: A time for reassessment, Volume I, Selenium, Mining, Reclamation and Environmental Impacts, June 5-8, 1995, Gillette, WY. American Society of Surface Mining and Reclamation.

Banuelos, G.S., R.R. Mead, and G.J. Hoffman. Accumulation of selenium in wild mustard irrigated with agricultural effluent. (1993), Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 43:119-126.

Banuelos, G.S., R.R. Mead, and S. Akohoue. Adding selenium-enriched plant tissue to soil causes the accumulation of selenium in alfalfa. (1991), J. Plant Nutr. 14(7):701-713.

Banuelos, G.S., R.R. Mead, D.W. Meek, and C.J. Phene. Relations between phosphorus in drip irrigation water and selenium uptake by wild mustard. (1992), J. Environ. Sci. Health. A27(1):283-297.

Banuelos, G.S., R.R. Mead, L.L. Wu, P. Beuselinck, and S. Akohoue. Differential selenium accumulation among forage plant species grown in soils amended with selenium-enriched plant tissue. (1992), J. Soil Water Conserv. 47(4):338-342.

Banuelos, G.S., S. Akohoue, S. Zambrzuski, S. Downey, R.R. Mead, and M. Bhangoo. Boron and selenium removal in boron-laden soils by kenaf. (1993), pp. 84-91. In Proceedings of the 1993 International Kenaf Conference, March 3-5, 1993, Fresno, CA.

Banuelos, G.S., S. Tebbets, R. Perry, J.E. Duffus, and P. Vail. The potential of nonnative selenium accumulation mustard plants as host for beet leafhopper and beet curly top virus. (1992), Southwestern Entomologist Scientific Note. 17(1):73-75.

Banuelos, G.S., S. Zambrzuski, S. Akohoue, and S. Downey. Bioremediation of seleniferous soils with selected plants. (1994), In 15th World Congress of Soil Science, July 10-16, 1994, Acapulco, Mexico. Commission III. Poster Sessions. 4b: 224-225.

Bañuelos, S., J. S. Tebbets, J. A. Johnson, P. V. Vail and B. Mackey. Insect Diversity in Phytoremediation and Bioaccumulation of Se. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 01(4).

Barbafieri, M. The Importance of Nickel Phytoavailable Chemical Species Characterization in Soil for Phytoremediation Applicability. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Barber, J.T., H.A. Sharma, H.E. Ensley, M.A. Polito, and D.A. Thomas. Detoxification of phenol by the aquatic angiosperm, Lemna gibba. (1995), Chemosphere. 31(6):3567-3574.

Barkovskii, A.L., M.-L. Boullant, and J. Balandreau. Polyphenolic compounds respired by bacteria. (1994), pp. 28-42. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Barman, S.-C. and M.-M. Lal. Accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) in soil and cultivated vegetables and weeds grown in industrially polluted fields. (1994), J. Environ. Biol. 15(2):107-IIS.

Barocsi, A., L. Kocsanyi, S. Varkonyi, P. Richter, Z. Csintalan and K. Szente. Two-Wavelength, Multipurpose, Truly Portable Chlorophyll Fluorometer and Its Application in Field Monitoring of Phytoremediation. (2000), Measurement Science & Technology 11(6): 717-729.

Batianoff, G.N., R.D. Reeves, and R.L. Specht. Stackhousia tryonii Bailey: a nickel accumulation serpentinite-endemic species of central Queensland. (1990), Australian J. Bot. 38(2):121.

Baun˜elos, G. S., D. B. Vickerman, J. T. Trumble, M. C. Shannon, C. D. Davis, J. W. Finley and H. F. Mayland. Biotransfer Possibilities of Selenium from Plants Used in Phytoremediation. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(4).

Baz, M. and R. T. Fernandez. Evaluating Woody Ornamentals for Use in Herbicide Phytoremediation. (2002), Journal of The American Society For Horticultural Science 127(6): 991-997.

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Bedard, D.L. The role of microbial PCB dechlorination and degradation in natural restoration and bioremediation. (1995), pp. 3-4. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Bedell, G. W. Higher Plant Bioremediation. (1992), The World and I 12: 260.

Beecher, B.S., and B.A. McClure. Poster Abstract: Ribonuclease activity and self- incompatibility in Nicotiana. (1995), p. 115. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Begonia, G. B., G. S. Miller, M. Begonia and C. Burks. Chelate-Enhanced Phytoextraction of Lead-Contaminated Soils Using Coffeeweed (Sesbania Exaltata Raf.). (2002), Bulletin of Environmental Conamination and Toxicology 69(5): 624-631.

Begonia, M., G. B. Begonia, A. Butler, M. Burrell, O. Ighoavodha and B. Crudup. Chelate-Assisted Phytoextraction of Lead from a Contaminated Soil Using Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). (2002), Bulletin of Environmental Conamination and Toxicology 68(5): 705-711.

Behrends, L.L., F.J. Sikora, S.H. Coonrod, P.A. Pier, R.A. Almond, and D.F. Bader. Abstract: Phytoremediation of explosives in groundwater using constructed wetlands. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:315.

Behrends, L.L., F.J. Sikora, W.D. Phillips, E. Baily, C. McDonald, and D.F. Bader. Phytoremediation of explosives-contaminated groundwater using innovative wetlands-based treatment technologies. (1996), pp. 507-508. In Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VIII, 1996 Extended Abstracts for the Special Symposium, Birmingham, Alabama, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society, September 9-11, 1996.

Behrendt, H. and R. Brüggemann. Modelling the Fate of Organic Chemicals in the Soil Plant Environment: Model Study of Root Uptake of Pesticides. (1993), Chemosphere 27(12): 2325-2332.

Beil, R.S, A.M. Pretrovic., T.H. Whitlow, L.V. Kochian, and W.A. Norvel. Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soils with perennial plants. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA..

Belden, J. B., T. A. Phillips and J. R. Coats. Comparison of Chemical and Biological Endpoints for Evaluating the Success of Phytoremediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil. (2001), Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemcial Society 227:72-AGRO Part 1.

Belimov, A. A., V. I. Safronova and T. A. e. a. Sergeyeva. Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Polluted Soils and Containing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase. (2001), Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47(7): 642-652.

Bell, J.N.B., M.J. Minski, and H.A. Grogan. Plant uptake of radionuclides. (1988), Soil Use Manage. 4(3):76-84.

Bell, P.F., D.R. Parker, and A.L. Page. Contrasting selenate-sulfate interactions in selenium-accumulating and non-accumulating plant species. (1992), Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:1818-1824.

Bell, R.M. Higher plant accumulation of organic pollutants from soils. (1992), Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. EPA/600/R-92/138.

Bellin, C.A., and G.A. O'Connor. Plant uptake of pentachlorophenol from sludge-amended soils. (1990), J. Environ. Qual. 19:598-602.
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sludge on plant uptake of 14C-pentachlorophenol (PCP). Plants included tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and chile pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Minimal intact PCP was detected in the fescue and lettuce by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. No intact PCP was detected in the carrot tissue extracts. Chile pepper was not analyzed for intact PCP because methylene chloride extracts contained minimal 14C. The GC.MS analysis of soil extracts at harvest suggests a half-life of PCP of about 10 d independent of sludge rate or PCP loading rate. Rapid degradation of PCP in the soil apparently limited PCP availability to the plant. Bioconcentration factors (dry plant wt./initial soil PCP concentration) based on intact PCP were <0.01 for all crops, suggesting little PCP uptake. Thus, food-chain crop PCP uptake in these alkaline soils should not limit land application of sludge.

Bellin, C.A., G.A. O'Connor, and Y. Jin. Sorption and degradation of pentachlorophenol in sludge-amended soil. (1990), J. Environ. Qual. 19:603-608.

Bender, J., and P. Phillips. Biotreatment of mine drainage. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3(3):25-27.

Benemann, J.R. Aquatic phytoremediation: Algae and aquatic plants for removal of toxic elements. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Benemann, J.R., and J.C. Weissman. Algae and aquatic plants for removal of toxic elements from waste water. (1995), pp. 68-69. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Benson, C., and M. Khire. Earthen covers for semi-arid and arid climates. (1995), pp. 201-217. ASCE 1995 National Convention on Landfill Closures-Environmental Protection and Land Recovery, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 53.

Benson, C., T. Abichou, W. Albright, G. Gee and A. Roesler. Field Evaluation of Alternative Earthen Final Covers. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1).

Benson, C.H., T.H. Abichou, M.A. Olson, and P.J. Bosscher. Winter effects on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay. (1995), J. Geotechnical Eng. 121(1):69-80.

Benson, L.M., E.K. Porter, and P.J. Peterson. Arsenic accumulation and genotypic variations in plants on arsenical mine wastes in S. W. England. (1981), J. Plant Nutr. 3:655-666.

Bergen, A., and M. Levandowsky. Abstract: Restoration of intertidal salt marsh using Spartina alterniflora seedlings and transplants: Remediation results from a site heavily impacted by No. 2 heating oil. (1994), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, Volume I, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Bergmann, B., J. Cheng, J. Classen and A. Stomp. Nutrient Removal from Swine Lagoon Effluent by Duckweed. (2000), Trans. ASAE 43(2): 263-269.

Berken, A., M. M. Mulholland, D. L. LeDuc and N. Terry. Genetic Engineering of Plants to Enhance Selenium Phytoremediation. (2002), Crit Rev Plant Sci 21(6): 567-582.

Bernardes, C., M. Sabbag, C. Simonetti, P. Nogueira, P. Oshiro, D. S. Brunelli and D. Vance. Development Phytoremediation for Chloroform in a Tropical Area. (2002), Redmediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds-2002 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. A. R. Gavaskar and A. S. C. Chen. Columbus, OH, Battelle Press: 2B-23.

Bernet, N., N. Delgenes, J. Akunna, J. Delgenes and R. Moletta. Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Sbr for the Treatment of Piggery Wastewater. (2000), Water Research 34(2): 611 - 619.

Bert, V., I. Bonnin, P. Saumitou-Laprade, de Laguerie P and D. Petit. Do Arabidopsis Halleri from Nonmetallicolous Populations Accumulate Zinc and Cadmium More Effectively Than Those from Metallicolous Populations. (2002), New Phytologist 155(1): 47-57.

Berti, W.R. and S.D. Cunningham. In-Place Inactivation of Pb in Pb-Contaminated Soils. (1997), Environ. Sci & Technol, 85,960-977.

Berti, W.R. and S.D. Cunningham. Remediating soil lead with green plants. (1994), Trace Substances, Environment and Health, Science Reviews. 43-51.

Berti, W.R. and S.D. Cunningham. Sequential chemical extraction of trace elements: development and use in remediating contaminated soils. (1996), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) France.

Berti, W.R. and S.D. Cunningham. In-place inactivation of Pb in Pb-contaminated soils. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:1359-1364.
There has been increasing attention to the use of soil amendments and green plants to remediate surface soils contaminated with Pb. We call one form of this technique in-place activation. In-place inactivation reduces the hazards associated with contaminated soils through the use of chemicals that change the molecule species of the Pb to stabilize the soil Pb chemically and physically in situ. We have seen significant changes in soil Pb chemistry, Pb leached from soil, and Pb measured by a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) after incorporating inexpensive and readily available materials to three soils. The soils have total Pb concentrations that range from 1200 to 3500 mg kg-1. The leachable soil Pb was significantly reduced in all cases from as high as 30 mg Pb L-1 to below the regulatory limit of 5 mg Pb L-1 after soil treatment. The PBET mimics the mammalian gastric-intestinal tract solutions. In the simulated intestinal phase of the PBET, Pb in solution was reduced by 72% in one of the soils treated with a high Fe-containing industrial byproduct. These results help to illustrate the utility of incorporating soil amendments to reduce hazards associated with Pb-contaminated soils.

Best, E. H. P., M. E. Zappi, H. L. Fredrickson, S. L. Sprecher, S. L. Larson and J. E. Miller. Screening of Aquatic and Wetland Plant Species for Phytoremediation of Explosives-Contaminated Groundwater from the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant. (1997). Omaha, NE, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station: 47.

Best, E., S. L. Sprecher, S. L. Larson, H. L. Fredrickson and D. F. Bader. Environmental Behavior of Explosives in Groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant in Aquatic and Wetland Plant Treatments. Removal, Mass Balances and Fate in Groundwater of Tnt and Rdx. (1999), Chemosphere 38(14): 3383-3396.

Best, E., S. L. Sprecher, S. L. Larson, H. L. Fredrickson and D. F. Bader. Environmental Behavior of Explosives in Groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant in Aquatic and Wetland Plant Treatments. Uptake and Fate of Tnt and Rdx in Plants. (1999), Chemosphere 39(12): 2057-2072.

Best, E.H.P., S.L. Sprecher., M.E. Zappi, H.L. Fredrickson, and J.L. Miller. Selecting plants for phytoremediation of explosives in constructed wetlands: laboratory screenings of submersed and emergent Species. (1996), Poster Abstract - IBC International Summit on Phytoremediation. May 8-10, 1996, Washington, DC.

Best, E.P.H., J.L. Miller, M.E. Zappi, H.L. Fredrickson, S.L. Spreacher, S.L. Larson, and T. Strekfuss. Abstract: Degradation of TNT and RDX in ground water from the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant in flow-through systems planted with aquatic and wetland plants. (1997), Presentation 12. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
A 49-day study was performed to quantify the ability of three submersed and emergent plant species, when planted in local sediment under flow-through conditions, to phytoremediate explosives-contaminated ground water from the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAP), Middletown, IA. Species evaluated were the submersed Ceratophyllum demersvm L. (coontail), Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (American pondweed), and the emergent Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (common arrowhead). Unplanted sediment served as the control. The effects of amendments with nitrogen or with a microbial seed on explosives removal were quantified. TNT and RDX levels in the tested ground water were 0.8 and 10.7 mg L-1 respectively. The hydraulic retention time was 30 days. The disappearance rates for TNT from ground water were similar in all incubations, including the unplanted control. Most TNT degradation occurred in the beginning of the incubation. Reduction products of TNT were recovered in the incubation water, but not in plants and sediments after 49 days. RDX disappearance in the ground water was slower than that of TNT. The disappearance rates were more rapid in the incubations of sediment planted with submersed plants than in those of unplanted sediment and of sediment planted with arrowhead. Disappearance was gradual and adsorption to sediment and plant surfaces, therefore, limited. The microbial seed greatly increased RDX removal. RDX degradation products in the incubation water could not be demonstrated, since they were not analyzed for these compounds. RDX was detected in all plants and sediments, and its mono-nitroso-derivative in most plants and only in unplanted sediment after 49 days. From the results it can be estimated that wetlands planted with the plants tested will remove approximately 0.016 to 0.019 mg TNT L-1 and 0.133 to 0.291 mg RDX L-1 d-1 at 25¦C at steady state. Plant growth was reduced (but still considerable), probably because the IAAP ground water was toxic for the plants selected; toxic ranges of TNT and RDX were estimated to be 5 to 7 mg L-1 (in hydroponic culture).

Best, E.P.H., S.L. Sprecher, S.L. Larson, H.L. Fredrickson, and D.F. Bader. Abstract: Fate and mass balances of [14C]-TNT and [14C]-RDX in aquatic and wetland plants in ground water from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant. (1997), Presentation 14. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
The present study was performed to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of TNT and RDX in aquatic and wetland plants collected from the Field-scale wetland demonstration at Milan Army Ammunition Plant where explosives are being degraded in ground water. The mass balance study had three objectives. The first was to establish the physiological capacity of plants to absorb and transport TNT or RDX in the absence of substrates and their sorptive activities. The second was to elucidate the extent and partitioning of TNT and RDX over the plant parts. The third was to establish the short-term chemical fate of TNT and RDX in plant tissues. The substrates in which these plants were rooted at the Milan field site (sediment, gravel) were also incubated without plants to investigate sorptive activities and to evaluate microbial/chemical transformation of TNT and RDX, that may affect the explosives availability for plants. Hydroponic batch incubations of plant or substrate treatments with 14C-TNT or 14C-RDX were used to evaluate explosives transformation. The study surveyed seven planl species and two substrates in sequential, independent incubations of 7 and 13 days with TNT and RDX, respectively. Parent compounds and degradation products were determined through chemical analyses of plant tissues, aqueous phases, and substrate extracts. The fate of radiolabel was followed by radioanalytic imaging.It was found that growth of most plants except parrot-feather, was reduced in ground water containing 1.5 to 3.7 mg TNT L-1. TNT disappeared completely from ground water incubated with plants in 7 days, but was removed to a lesser extent with substrates, and least in controls. The radiolabel was present in all plants alter incubation, in the submersed species concentrated in physiologically active roots and shoots, and in emergent species in roots. Mineralization to C02 was very low, and evolution into volatile organic compounds was negligible. TNT residues were extremely low or below chemical detection in the plant tissues. Radioactive degradation products accumulated at the uptake sites and transport were limited. TNT degradation took place via reduction of a single nitro-group.For RDX, it was found that growth of the submersed plants was normal, but growth was reduced in emergent plants In ground water containing 1.5 mg RDX L-1 , RDX disappeared less rapidly than TNT from the incubated ground water. The radiolabel was present in all plants after incubation. Mineralization to CO2 was low, but relatively higher than in the TNT incubation, and evolution into volatile organic compounds was negligible. radioactive degradation products accumulated at physiologically active sites, and transport to leaves were substantial. RDX residues were low in most plants, or below detection in the below-ground portions of two emergent species. RDX degradation occurred.In the substrates residues of both explosives were below detection.The plant-mediated rapid decrease in TNT and relatively slower decrease in RDX concentrations in ground water and low explosives residues in the plant tissues and substrates suggest that phytoremediation is a promising technology for ground water treatment.

Bettencourt, A.O., M.M. Teixeira, M.J. Madruga, and M.C. Faisca. Dispersion of 226Ra in a contaminated environment. (1988), Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 24:101-109.

Betts, K.S. Technology update: TPH soil cleanup aided by ground cover. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:214A.

Betts, K.S. Technology update: Phytoremediation project taking up TCE. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(8):347A.

Betts, K.S. Technology update: Getting to the root of phytoremediation. (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(1):18A.

Betts, K.S. Technology update: Native aquatic plants remove explosives. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(7):304A.

Bhadra, R., D. G. Wayment, R. K. Williams, S. N. Barman, M. B. Stone, J. B. Hughes and J. V. Shanks. Studies on Plant-Mediated Fate of the Explosives Rdx and Hmx. (2001), Chemosphere 44(5): 1259-1264.

Bhadra, R., D. Wayment, J. Hughes and J. Shanks. Phytoremediation of 2,4,6-Tnt: Plant Transformation Processes. (1998), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 216: 031-BTEC.

Bhadra, R., R. J. Spanggord, J. B. Wayment and J. V. Shanks. The Characterization of Oxidation Products of Tnt Metabolism in Aquatic Phytoremediation Systems of Myriophyllun Aquaticum. (1999), Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(19): 3354-3361.

Bhatti, T. M. a., K. Mahmood and K. A. a. Malik. Accumulation of Uranium in Raphanus Sp. (1999), Pakistan Journal of Botany 31(2): 343-346.

Bidwell, S. D., J. W. Pederick, J. Sommer-Knudsen and I. E. Woodrow. Micropropagation of the Nickel Hyperaccumulator, Hybanthus Floribundus (Family Violaceae). (2001), Plant Cell Tissue & Organ Culture 67(1): 89-92.

Bing, Michelle. Back to nature. (1996), Mining Voice. 2(4):31-34.

Bishop, J. Phytoremediation: A new technology gets ready to bloom. (1997), Environ. Solutions. 10(4):29.

Bizily, S. and R. Meagher. Differential Protein Targeting of a Bacterial (Merb) Enzyme in Plants for Improved Phytoremediation of Methylmercury. (1999), Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 514.

Bizily, S. P., C. Rugh and R. Meagher. Phytodetoxification of Hazardous Organomercurials by Genetically Engineered Plants. (2000), Nature Biotechnol. 18(2): 213-217.

Bizily, S., C. Rugh, A. Summers and R. Meagher. Phytoremediation of Methylmercury Pollution: Merb Expression in Arabidopsis Thaliana Confers Resistance to Organomercurials. (1999), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96(12): 6808-6813.

Bizily, S.P. and R.B. Meagher. Genetic Engineering of Plants for the Phytoremediation of Methylmercury Contamination. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Black, H. Absorbing possibilities: Phytoremediation. (1995), Environ. Health Perspec. 103(12):1106-1108.

Black, H. Phytoremediation: A Growing Field with Some Concerns. (1999), Scientist 13( 5): 1.

Blaylock, M., J.W. Huang., and B.D. Ensley. The Treatment of Contaminated Soil Using Metal Accumulating Plants. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Blaylock, M.J. Field applications of phytoremediation to remediate lead contaminated soils. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese, (eds.) 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Blaylock, M.J. Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil at a brownfield site in New Jersey - A cost effective alternative. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Blaylock, M.J., and B.R. James. Redox transformation and plant uptake of Se resulting from root-soil interactions. (1994), Plant Soil. 158:1-17.

Blaylock, M.J., D.E. Salt, S. Dushenkov, O. Zakharova, C. Gussman, Y. Kapulnik, B.D. Ensley, and I. Raskin. Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:860-865.

Blaylock, M.J., E. Muhr, D. Page, G. Montes, D. Vasudev, and Y. Kapulnik. Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil at a brownfield site in New Jersey. (1996), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VIII, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, September 9-11, Birmingham. AL.
Phytoremediation is a new technology which uses specially selected metal-accumulating plants to clean up soil contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides. Phytoremediation offers an attractive and economical alternative to currently practiced soil removal and burial methods. The integration of specially selected metal-accumulating crop plants (Brassica juncea) with innovative soil amendments allows plants to achieve high biomass and metal accumulation rates from soils. The use of these techniques will facilitate reclamation of many contaminated sites. Phytotech Inc. is developing this technology with particular attention to the remediation of lead contaminated Brownfields. A demonstration of this technology is being conducted at the former Magic Marker site in Trenton, New Jersey. ln the studies conducted at the Trenton site, approximately 75% of the treated area has been cleaned below the regulatory limit of 400 parts per million (ppm) in one cropping season. Projected costs of phytoremediation indicate a substantial cost savings compared to alternative remediation techniques, further enhancing the attractiveness of this technology for remediation of contaminated soils.

Blaylock, M.J., S. Dushenkov, D. Page, G. Montes, D. Vasudev, and Y. Kapulnik. Phytoremediation of a Pb-contaminated brownfield site in New Jersey. (1996), pp. 497-498. In Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VIII, 1996 Extended Abstracts for the Special Symposium, Birmingham, Alabama, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society, September 9-11, 1996.

Blaylock, M.J., T.A. Tawfic, and G.F. Vance. Modeling selenite sorption in reclaimed coal mine soil materials. (1995), Soil Sci. 159:43-48.
Selenite (SeO32-) sorption in soils has been correlated with pH, soil mineralogy, and soil solution composition, factors that are often highly variable with respect to mine soil materials. Selenite equilibrium and adsorption batch studies were conducted with four mine soil materials to determine adsorption parameters that could be used to develop a model to predict Se retention. Initial mass, Freundlich, Langmuir, and other relationships were explored to describe adsorption and retention of Se in these soils. For equilibrium and adsorption studies, 25 ml of solution was added to 2.5 g of soil in a polyethylene centrifuge tube. Time-dependent analysis consisted of duplicate treatments of two SeO32- levels and reaction times of 2, 6, 24, 168, 336, and 504 h. Adsorption studies were arranged in a 3 X 10 X 4 factorial design (three replications, 10 SeO32- concentrations, four soils) and equilibrated for 14 d. Selenite sorption as a function of pH in each material was also examined. Selenite sorption of 10 mg Se/g soil was not greatly affected by pH between pH 4 and 8, except in one sample where sorption decreased at pH 6. Initial mass isotherms were very similar for Se additions up to 20 mg/kg for all soils and predicted Se sorption very similar to the experimental data for these and 12 additional soils. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms did not effectively predict Se sorption.

Blumenthal, J., M. Russelle and J. Lamb. Subsoil Nitrate and Bromide Uptake by Contrasting Alfalfa Entries. (1999), Agronomy Journal 91(2): 269-275.

Boersma, L., C. McFarlane and F. T. Lindstrom. Mathematical Model of Plant Uptake and Translocations of Organic Chemicals: Application to Experiments. (1991), J Env Qual 20(Jan-Mar): 137-146.

Boersma, L., C. McFarlane, F. T. Lindstrom and E. L. McCoy. Plant Uptake of Organic Chemicals by Plants: A Theoretical Model. (1988), Soil Science 146(6): 403-417.

Boersma, L., F.T. Lindstrom, and C. McFarlane. Model for uptake of organic chemicals by plants. (1990), Oregon State Univ. Agric. Exper. Station Bull. p. 677.

Boersma, L., F.T. Lindstrom, C. McFarlane, and E.L. McCoy. Uptake of organic chemicals by plants: A theoretical model. (1988), Soil Sci. 146:403-417.
In this paper we report a model for coupled transport of water and organic solutes in xylem and phloem of soybean plants. The mathematical model is based on compartmental representation of the physical and chemical processes that generally control transport in plants and is thus applicable to other plants. Each compartment is characterized by its volume, thickness of cell wall, diffusion, reflection, and partition coefficients of the cell membranes, sorption of chemical and loss of chemical due to degradation or to immobilization in growing tissue. Anatomical features of the compartments and the manner in which they are connected are described by a series of equations based on conservation of mass.As an example we apply the model to a single-leaf and single-root representation of a soybean plant. Using literature values for the coefficients that describe the model, we calculated the distribution of a solute for conditions of constant transpiration in which the chemical is assumed to be passively transported throughout the plant. Simulations demonstrate the role of the several parameters of the model on transport and tissue retention. Specifically, effects of partition coefficients, reflection coefficients, first-order loss rates, compartment volumes, and rate of transpiration flux are shown.

Bollag, J.-M. Decontaminating soil with enzymes. (1992), Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(10):1876-1881.

Bollag, J.-M., and C. Myers. Detoxification of aquatic and terrestrial sites through binding of pollutants to humic substances. (1992), Sci. Total Environ. 117/118:357-366.

Bollag, J.-M., T. Mertz, and L. Otjen. Role of microorganisms in soil bioremediation. (1994), pp. 2-10. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Boller, J.E. Corporate considerations for phytoremediation applicability. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18-19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Bonser, A., W. Curtis, R. Berghage and E. Drake. Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil. (1999), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 217: 040-BIOT.

Boonyapookana, B., S. Upatham, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook and S. Singhakaew. Phytoaccumulation and Phytotoxicity of Cadmium and Chromium in Duckweedwolffia Globosa. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(2).

Borai, W.T. Laboratory Studies Utilizing Naturally Occurring Material for Leachate Filtration. (1991), MS Thesis, Department of Geoscience, State University College, Fredonia, NY.

Borhidi, A., A.J.M. Baker, M. Fernandez-Zequeira, and R. Oviedo-Prieto. Preliminary studies on possible Ni-hyperaccumulator plants of Cuba. (1992), Acta. Botanica Hungarica. 37(1-4): 279-286.

Bosma, T. M. P., J. L. Schnoor, G. Schraa and A. J. B. Zehnder. Simulation Model for Biotransformation of Xenobiotics and Chemotaxis in Soil Columns. (1988), Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2: 225-236.

Bossert, and R. Barta. The fate of petroleum in soil ecosystems. (1984), pp. 450-453. In R.M. Atlas (ed.), Petroleum Microbiology. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.

Bossert, I. and R. Bartha. Plant growth in soils with a history of oily sludge disposal. (1985), Soil Sci. 140(1):75-77.

Boswell, C.R., R.R. Brooks, T. Jaffre', J. Lee, and R.D. Reeves. Plant-soil relationships in New Caledonian serpentine flora. (1977), Plant Soil. 46(3):675.

Boularbah, A., G. Bitton, J. Morel and C. Schwartz. Assessment of Metal Accumulation in Plants Using Metpad, a Toxicity Test Specific for Heavy Metal Toxicity. (2000), ENVIRON TOXICOL 15(5): 449-455.

Boularbah, A., J.L. Morel, G. Bitton, and M. Mench. A direct solid-phase assay specific for heavy-metal toxicity. II. Assessment of heavy-metal immobilization in soils and bioavailability to plants. (1996), J. Soil Contam. 5(4)3395-404.

Bowman, R.S., J. Schroeder, R. Bulusu, M. Remmenga, and R. Heightman. Plant toxicity and plant uptake of fluorobenzoate and bromide water tracers. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:1292-1299.

Boyajian, G.E., and D.L. Devedjian. Phytoremediation: It grows on you. (1997), Soil Groundwater Cleanup. Feb/March. pp. 22-26.
An innovative, cost-effective, state of the art technology, phytoremediation is poised to capture a significant portion of the multi-billion dollar global environmental remediation market. By using genetically-engineered and naturally-occurring plants, scientist have developed methods to clean soil, water and air of organics and heavy metals. Phytoremediation can be used to complement and accelerate conventional engineering remediation methods.

Boyajian, G.E., and L.H. Carreira. Phytoremediation: A clean transition from laboratory to marketplace?. (1997), Nature Biotechnol. 15:127.

Boyd, R. and M. Davis. Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Ability of the Ni Hyperaccumulatorstreptanthus Polygaloidesgray (Brassicaceae). (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(4).

Boyd, R. and S. Martens. Nickel Hyperaccumulation by Thlaspi Montanum Var. Motanum (Brassicae): A Constitutive Trait. (1998), Ame. J. Bot. 85(2): 259-265.

Boyd, R.S., and S.N. Martens. Nickel hyperaccumulated by Thlaspi montanum var. Montanum is acutely toxic to an insect herbivore. (1994), Oikos. 70:21-25.

Boyd, R.S., and S.N. Martens. The consequences for herbivores and pathogens using metal hyperaccumulators in phytoremediation. (1995), pp. 55-56. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Boyd, R.S., J.J. Shaw, and S.N. Martens. Nickel hyperaccumulation in S. Polygaloids (Brassicaceae) as a defense against pathogens. (1994), Am. J. Bot. 81:294-300.

Boyle, J. and J. Shann. The Influence of Planting and Soil Characteristics on Mineralization of 2,4,5-T in Rhizosphere Soil. (1998), J. Environ. Qual. 27: 704-709.

Boyle, J.J., and J.R. Shann. Biodegradation of phenol, 2,4-DCP, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T in field-collected rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. (1995), J. Environ. Qual. 24:782-785.
This study investigated xenobiotic biodegradation in rhizosphere soil collected from field-grown plants, grouped for analysis as monocots or dicots. Microbial activity was highest in monocot rhizosphere soils, followed by dicot rhizosphere soils and, finally, nonrhizosphere soils. No differences were seen between these soils in the mineralization of phenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4,-DCP), but there were differences in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichloropenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) mineralization. The rate constants for 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T mineralization in nonrhizosphere soil were lower than those for either rhizosphere soil. Monocot rhizosphere soil mineralized these compounds faster than dicot rhizosphere soil. Thus, soils that had a prior association with a plant showed significantly increased rates of mineralization for the more recalcitrant compounds tested. In addition, this enhanced mineralization in the rhizosphere appeared to be dependent on the type of plant involved.

Bradshaw, A.D., and T. McNeilly. Stress tolerance in plants -- the evolutionary framework. (1991), Tasks Veg. Sci. 22:2-5.

Bradshaw, A.D., M.O. Humphreys, and M.S. Johnson. The value of heavy metal tolerance in the revegetation of metalliferous mine wastes. (1978), p. 311-334. In G.T. Goodman, and M.J. Chadwick (eds.), Environmental Management of Mineral Wastes. Sijthoff and Nordhoff, The Netherlands.

Brady, D.J., M. Lasat, S.D. Ebbs, and L.V. Kochian. Poster Abstract: Selection of candidate hyperaccumulator plant species for phytoremediation of mixed heavy metal and radionuclide contaminated sites. (1995), p. 80. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Brady, J. The design of a subsurface irrigation system utilizing poplar trees for nitrate removal from agricultural drainage water. (1990), M.S. Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Brahmaprakash, G.P., and N. Sethunathan. Metabolism of carbaryl and carbofuran in soil planted to rice. (1985), Agric. Ecosyst Environ. April 13. p. 33.

Brandon, D.L., C.R. Lee, J.W. Simmers, J.G. Skogerboe, and G.S. Wilhelm. Long-term evaluation of plants and animals colonizing contaminated dredged material placed in upland and wetland environment. (1993), Stud. Environ. Sci. 55:231-258.

Brar, G.S. Challenges of phytoremediation application in the field - Strategies for success and learned lessons. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18-19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Brar, G.S. Phytoremediation of chlorinated solvents: Progress and challenges. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Braun, D.M., and J.C. Walker. Poster Abstract: Identifying proteins that associate with a maize kinase interaction domain. (1995), p. 108. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Brazil, G., L. Kenefick, M. Callanan, A. Haro, V. Lorenzo, D. Dowling and F. O' Gara. Construction of a Rhizosphere Pseudomonad with Potential to Degrade Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Detection of Bph Gene Expression in the Rhizosphere. (1995), Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(5): 1946-1952.

Brennan, M. and M. Shelley. A Model of the Uptake, Translocation, and Accumulation of Lead (Pb) by Maize for the Purpose of Phytoextraction. (1999), Ecol. Eng. 12(3-4): 271297.

Brewer, E., J. Saunders, J. Angle, R. Chaney and M. McIntosh. Somatic Hybridization between the Zinc Accumulator Thlaspi Caerulescens and Brassica Napus. (1999), Theoretical & Applied Genetics 99(5): 761-771.

Bricker, T. J., J. Pichtel, H. J. Brown and M. Simmons. Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd from a Superfund Soil: Effects of Amendments and Croppings. (2001), J. Environ. Sci. & Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environ. Engineering 36(9): 1597-1610.

Briggs, G. G., R. L. O. Rigitano and R. H. Bromilow. Physico-Chemical Factors Affecting Uptake by Roots and Translocation to Shoots of Weak Acids in Barley. (1987), Pestic. Sci. 19: 101-112.

Briggs, G.G., R.H. Bromilow, A.A. Evans, and M. Williams. Relationships between lipophilicity and the distribution of non-ionized chemicals in barley shoots following uptake by the roots. (1983), Pestic. Sci. 14:492-500.

Briggs, G.G., R.H. Bromilow, and A.A. Evans. Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of non-ionized chemicals by barley. (1982), Pestic. Sci. 13:495-504.

Brigmon, R. L., T. A. Anderson and C. B. Fliermans. Methanotrophic Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Trichloroethylene-Degrading Plants. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(3).

Brigmon, R.L. Phytoremediation of trichloroethylene at the Savannah River Site. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Brigmon, R.L. N.C. Bell., D.L. Freedman., and C.J. Berry. Natural Attenuation of Trichloroethylene in Rhizosphere Soils. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 433-454, July 1998.

Brigmon, R.L., R. White, M.M. Franck, C. Berry, and D. Jones. Abstract: Phytoremediation of Trichloroethylene. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:45.

Bringhurst, R. M., Z. G. Cardon and D. J. Gage. Galactosides in the Rhizosphere: Utilization by Sinorhizobium Meliloti and Development of a Biosensor. (2001), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 4540-4545.

Brix, H., and H.-H. Schierup. Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed wetlands. (1988), pp. 565-574. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, TVA First International Conference, June 13-17, 1988, Chattanooga, TN.

Brix, H., and H.-H. Schierup. The use of aquatic macrophytes in water-pollution control. (1989), Ambio. 18:100-107.

Broadley, M.R. and Willey, N.J. Differences in root uptake of radio caesium by 30 plant taxa. (1997), Environmental Pollution. 97:1-2, 11-15.

Broadley, M.R., and N.J. Willey. Differences in root uptake of radiocesium by 30 plant taxa. (1997), Environ. Pollut. 97(11):11.

Brodie, G.A. Achieving compliance with staged, aerobic constructed wetlands to treat acid drainage. (1991), p. 151. In W. Oaks and J. Bowen (eds.), Proceedings, 1991, American Society of Surface Mining Reclamations, Durango, CO.

Bromilow, R. H. and K. Chamberlain. Principles Governing Uptake and Transport of Chemicals. (1995), Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. S. Trapp and J. C. McFarlane. Boca Raton, Fl., CRC Press Inc.: 38-68.

Bromilow, R.H., R.L.O. Rigitano, G.G. Briggs, and K. Chamberlain. Phloem translocation of non-ionized chemicals in Ricinus communis. (1987), Pestic. Sci. 19:85-99.

Brooks, R. R., B. H. Robinson, A. W. Howes and A. Chiarucci. An Evaluation of Berkheya Coddii Roessler and Alyssum Bertolonii Desv. For Phytoremediation and Phytomining of Nickel. (2001), South African Journal of Science 97(11-12): 558-560.

Brooks, R., M. Chambers, L. Nicks and B. Robinson. Phytomining. (1998), Trends Plant Sci. 3(9): 359-362.

Brooks, R.R. Geobotany and biogeochemistry in mineral exploration. (1972), Harper and Row, New York, NY.

Brooks, R.R. Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniastrum species. (1977), Plant Soil. 48:541-544.

Brooks, R.R. (ed.). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals - Their Role in Phytoremediation, Microbiology, Archeology, Mineral Exploration and Phytomining. (1998), CAB International, New York, NY

Brooks, R.R., and C.C. Radford. Nickel accumulation by European species of the genus Alyssum. (1978), Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B200:217-224.

Brooks, R.R., and R.D. Reeves. Hyperaccumulation of lead and zinc by two metallophytes from mining areas of Central Europe. (1983), Environ. Pollut. 31(4):277.

Brooks, R.R., and T. Jaffre'. Some New Zealand and New Caledonian plant accumulators of nickel. (1974), J. Ecol. 62:493-499.

Brooks, R.R., Chambers, M.F., Nicks, L.J., and Robinson, B.H. Phytomining. (1998), Trends in Plant and Science, 3,9, Sept, 1, 1998, 359-362.

Brooks, R.R., E.D. Wither, and B. Zepernick. Cobalt and nickel in Rinorea species. (1977), Plant Soil. 47(3):707-712.

Brooks, R.R., J. Lee, R.D. Reeves, and T. Jaffre'. Detection of nickeliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium specimens of indicator plants. (1977), J. Geochem. Explor. 7:49-57.

Brooks, R.R., R.D. Reeves, and N.I. Ward. Lead in soil and vegetation along a New Zealand State Highway in low traffic volume. (1975), Environ. Pollut. 9(4):243.

Brooks, R.R., R.D. Reeves, and N.I. Ward. Effect of lead from motor-vehicle exhausts on trees along a major thoroughfare in Palmerston North, New Zealand. (1974), Environ. Pollut. 6(2):149.

Brooks, R.R., R.D. Reeves, R.S. Morrison, and F. Malaisse. Hyperaccumulation of copper and cobalt - a review. (1980), Bulletin Societe Royale Botanique Belgique. 113(2):166-172.

Brooks, R.R., R.S. Morrison, R.D. Reeves, and F. Malaisse. Copper and cobalt in African species of Aeolanthus Mart. (Plectranthinae, Labiatae). (1978), Plant Soil. 50(2):503-507.

Brooks, R.R., R.S. Morrison, R.D. Reeves, T.R. Dudley, and Y. Akman. Hyperaccumulation of nickel by Alyssum Linnaeua (Cruciferae). (1979), Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B203:387-403.

Brooks, R.R., S. Shaw, and A.A. Marfil. Some observations on the ecology, metal uptake, and nickel tolerance of Alyssum serpyllifolium subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula. (1981), Vegetation. 45:183-188.

Brown, J., T. Miller and C. Gussman. Invited Commentary on Terminology for the International Journal of Phytoremediation. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(4).

Brown, K.S. The green clean: The emerging field of phytoremediation takes root. (1995), BioSci. 45(9):579-582.

Brown, S. Biosolids and Fly Ash Used to Restore the Bunker Hill Superfund Site. (1998), Tech Trends, 29, May 1998.

Brown, S.L., R.L. Chaney, C.A. Lloyd, J.S. Angle, and J.A. Ryan. Relative uptake of cadmium by garden vegetables and fruits grown on long-term biosolid-amended soils. (1996), Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:3508-3511.

Brown, S.L., R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle, and A.J.M. Baker. Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens grown in nutrient solution. (1995), Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59:125-133.

Brown, S.L., R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle, and A.J.M. Baker. Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and metal tolerant Silene vulgaris grown on sludge-amended soils. (1995), Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1581-1585.
Two metal tolerant plants, Thlaspi caerulescens J. and C. Presl. (hyperaccumulator), and Silene vulgaris L. (indicator) were grown with "Paris Island Cos" Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) on long-term sewage sludge plots. Metal uptake patterns by plants in relation to total soil metal and soil pH were examined. The 2-year study used four treatments and two pH levels. Zinc and Cd uptake were measured. Zinc and Cd for Silene and lettuce were as expected with increasing plant concentration in the more contaminated treatments and lower pH levels. Thlaspi followed the same pattern for Cd but not for Zn. Concentrations of Cd were not significantly different between Thlaspi and the other plants. Zinc concentrations in Thlaspi (2000 and 4000 mg kg-1) were 10-fold greater than in Silene. They showed no relation to available soil Zn. Although Thlaspi appears to hyperaccumulate Zn on mildly contaminated soils, Cd uptake follows predictable patterns.

Brown, S.L., R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle, and A.J.M. Baker. Phytoremediation potential of Thlaspi caerulescens and Bladder Campion for zinc and cadmium contaminated soil. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23:1151-1157.

Brown, T.A., and A. Shrift. Selenium: Toxicity and tolerance in higher plants. (1982), Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 57:59-84.

Bugbee, B. and C. McFarlane. Plant Physiology, Contaminant Uptake, Transformation, and Transpiration. (1998), Beneficial Effects of Vegetation in Contaminated Soil, Manhattan, KS, HSRC, US EPA Regions 7 & 8.

Bugbee, B., and W.J. Doucette. Abstract: Effect of plants on the biodegradation of pyrene in soil. (1994), p. 117. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Bugbee, G. Growth of Rhododendron, Rudbeckia and Thujia and the leaching of nitrates as affected by the pH of potting media amended with biosolids compost. (1996), Compost Sci. Util. 4:53.

Bugbee, G.J. Growth of Rudbeckia and leaching of nitrates in potting media amended with composted coffee processing residue, municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. (1994), Compost Sci. Util. 2(1):72.

Burckhard, S.R., A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. Effect of vegetation on the transport of heavy metal in a contaminated soil. (1997), Presentation 2. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Vegetation of heavy metal-contaminated soils is recommended to prevent the spread of contamination by wind or water action. The introduction of vegetation to these sites may provide various pathways for the transport of heavy metals by root exudates, adsorption/desorption processes, precipitation/dissolution reactions, and facilitated transport. Previous research suggested several of these mechanisms may be responsible for the transport of heavy metals within a vegetated-contaminated soil system. A column study, designed to simulate field conditions, was undertaken to quantify the effect vegetation has on the transport of heavy metals within a contaminated soil system. The transport of lead, barium, cadmium, and zinc was studied as a function of plant growth and transient water conditions. Chemical and physical changes in the soil system were monitored and compared to plant growth and water content data. Information obtained from this study will be useful in predicting transport of heavy metal from contaminated soils upon the introduction of vegetation.

Burckhard, S.R., A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. Abstract: The effect of organic acids on the leaching of heavy metals from mine tailings. (1994), p. 119. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Burckhard, S.R., and V.R. Schaefer. Abstract: Use of simulated annealing for the screening of phytoremediation systems. (1997), Presentation 47. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
The number of decision variables for a typical soil or ground water remediation project can be quite large. This is especially true when phytoremediation methods are considered for use because planting of vegetation alters both the water transport and contaminant degradation processes within the soil. This results in possible trade-offs between competing objectives for a soil remediation design. The inclusion of multiple objectives, and a large number of decision variables and constraints into a systems statement can result in a very complex optimization problem. Conventional gradient programming methods tend to be ill-posed when trying to find an optimal solution for such an optimization problem. Simulated annealing has recently been used as a more robust optimization procedure. However, simulated annealing tends to be computationally intensive due to the large number of simulations required to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions. Here, simulated annealing is used to screen the design of a vegetative remediation system.

Burd, G., D. Dixon and B. Glick. A Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium That Decreases Nickel Toxicity in Seedlings. (1998), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(10): 3663-3668.

Burke, S., S. J. Angle, R. Chaney and S. D. Cunningham. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Effects on Heavy Metal Uptake by Corn. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2.

Burken, J. G. Uptake and Volatilization of Chlorinated Solvents by Poplars at Field -Scale. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. K. Banks and V. Magar. Columbus, OH, Battelle Press: 113-120.

Burken, J. G. Chlorinated Solvents Phytoremediation: Uptake and Diffusion. (2002), Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. A. R. Gavakar and A. S. C. Chen. Columbus, OH, Battelle Press: Paper 2B-24.

Burken, J. G. Uptake and Metabolism of Organic Compounds: Green-Liver Model. (2003), Phytoremediation: Degradation and Control of Contaminants. S. C. McCutcheon and J. L. Schnoor. New York, John Wiley and Sons: Paper 2B-24.

Burken, J. G. and J. L. Schnoor. Phytoremediation Gets to the Root of Soil Contamination. (1996), The Hazardous Waste Consultant 14(3): 1.22-1.24.

Burken, J. G. and J. L. Schnoor. Distribution and Volatilization of Organic Contaminants Following Uptake by Hybrid Poplar Trees. (1999), Intl. J. Phytoremediation 1(2): 139-152.

Burken, J. G. and J. L. Schnoor. Today's Phytoremediation: Success Has Led to Growth. (1999), Intl. J. Phytoremediation 1(2): 111-113.

Burken, J. G., C. Ross, L. M. Harrison, A. Marsh, L. Zetterstrom and J. S. Gibbons. Benzene Toxicity and Removal in Laboratory Phytoremediation Studies. (2001), ASCE Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 5(3): 161-171.

Burken, J. G., J. V. Shanks and P. L. Thompson. Phytoremediation and Plant Metabolism of Explosives and Nitroaromatic Compounds. (2000), Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives. J. C. Spain, J. B. Hughes and H. J. Knackmuss. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press: 239-275.

Burken, J.G. Uptake and fate of organic contaminants by hybrid poplar trees. (1996), PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

Burken, J.G., A. Dietz, J. Jordahl, W. Schnabel, P. Thompson, L. Licht, P. Alvarez, and J.L. Schnoor. Phytoremediation at hazardous waste sites. (1996), In Proceedings of the 69th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference, October 5-9, 1996, Dallas, TX.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Hybrid poplar tree phytoremediation of volatile organic - compounds. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:106-AGRO.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:1399-1406.
Hybrid poplar trees can uptake, hydrolyze, and dealkylate atrazine to less toxic metabolites. In whole plant studies, the parent compound atrazine and 14C ring-labeled metabolites were extracted from poplar tissues and analyzed via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV and radiochromatographic detectors in series. The concurrent separation and identification of these metabolites has not been previously reported in higher plants for phytoremediation applications. Unidentified metabolites were also detected. Metabolism of atrazine occurred in poplar roots, stems, and leaves and became more complete with increased residence time in tissues. In poplar cuttings exposed to atrazine for 50 days, the parent compound comprised only 21% of the 14C label in the leaves, while it constituted 59% of 14C activity remaining in the soil. After 80 days, the parent compound remaining in the leaves had decreased to only 10% of the 14C label recovered in the leaves. Preferred metabolic pathways were suggested by relative rates of reaction, and a mathematical model was developed to estimate rate constants for the proposed degradation mechanism. This research provides evidence for vegetative detoxification of contaminants and suggests that phytoremediation of atrazine-contaminated soils may be feasible.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Phytoremediation: Plant uptake of atrazine and role of plant exudates. (1996), J. Environ. Eng. 122:958-963.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Abstract: The effect of poplar trees on the fate and transport of atrazine in variable soil types. (1994), p. 107. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Atrazine phytoremediation and metabolism by poplar trees. (1996), In Proceedings of the 69th Water Environment Federation Conference, October 5-9, 1996, Dallas, TX.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Abstract: Degradation of atrazine by poplar trees. (1996), Fifth Annual Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Conference, May 14, 1996, Iowa City, IA.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Abstract: Uptake and volatilization of organic compounds by hybrid poplars. (1997b), Presentation 46. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
In several pilot-scale studies the efficacy of phytoremediation is currently being tested by establishing vegetation on contaminated sites. In some instances these sites are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or with a mixture of wastes that may include these compounds. In some situations this may be an acceptable treatment option aiding the remediation of subsurface contamination. In other cases, the transport of these compounds to the atmosphere may not be acceptable and may preclude the use of phytoremediation. Experiments described here investigated the movement and fate of VOCs within the tissues of hybrid poplar trees, and the potential for phytoremediation of VOC-contaminated sites. Results suggest that the use of poplar trees for phytoremediation of compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomer) and other volatile organic compounds (TCE and chlorinated benzenes) has potential to transport VOCs to the surrounding atmosphere.

Burken, J.G., and J.L. Schnoor. Uptake and fate of organic contaminants by hybrid poplar trees. (1997a), ACS 213, Symposium paper 106 - Environ. Chem.

Burken, J.G., J.L. Schnoor, and D.R. Nair. Atrazine uptake by poplar trees in variable soil types. (1993), p. 234. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Burken, J.G., S.C. Lang, and J.L. Schnoor. Abstract: Phytoremediation: Plant uptake of atrazine and the role of root exudates. (1995), In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Burkhard, J., M. Mackova, T. Macek, P. Kucerova, and D.K. Pazlarova. Analytical procedures for the estimation of PCB transformation by plant tissue cultures. (1997), Anal. Commun. 34(10):287.

Burr, T. J. and A. Caesar. Beneficial Plant Bacteria. (1984), CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Science 2(1): 1-20.

Burris, D.B., J.K. Magnuson, R.V. Stern, and M.H. Smith. Potential for phytoremediation of groundwater contamination: Theoretical and practical considerations. (1995), In Poster Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, Battelle Memorial Institute, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA.

Butterworth, R., D. Ferlow, E. Moran, M. Ardgides and W. K. Hazelton. Constructed Wetlands: Maunfacturing Facility Meets Zinc Discharge Limits with Natural System. (1999), Industrial Wastewater(Sept/Oct): 39-44.

Buyanovsky, G.A., R.J. Kremer, A.M. Gajda, and H.V. Kazemi. Effect of corn plants and rhizosphere populations on pesticide degradation. (1995), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 55:689-696.

Cai, X., C. Brown, J. Adhiya, S. Traina and R. Sayre. Growth and Heavy Metal Binding Properties of Transgenicchlamydomonasexpressing a Foreign Metallothionein Gene. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(1).

Cameron, R.E., and J.J. van Ee. Guide to site and soil description for hazardous waste site characterization, Volume 1: Metals. (1992), USEPA. EPA/600/4-91/029.

Campanella, B. and R. Paul. Presence, in the Rhizosphere and Leaf Extracts of Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo L.) and Melon (Cucumismelo L.), of Molecules Capable of Increasing the Apparent Aqueous Solubility of Hydrophobic Pollutants. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Campanella, B., C. Bock and P. Schroder. Phytoremediation to Increase the Degradation of Pcbs and Pcdd/Fs. (2002), Environmental Science & Pollution Resource 9(1): 73-85.

Cannon, G.C., G.G. Martin, and C.L. McCormick. Poster Abstract: Purification and characterization of hydrophobins and schizophyllan from Schizophyllum commune for potential use in controlled release and/or waste-water remediation. (1995), p. 107. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Cannon, H.L. Botanical prospecting for ore deposits. (1960), Science. 132:591-598.

Carbonell, A.A., M.A. Aarabi, R.D. DeLaune, R.P. Gambrell, and W.H. Patrick, Jr. Bioavailability and uptake of arsenic by wetland vegetation: Effects on plant growth and nutrition. (1998), J. Environ. Sci. Health, A33(1):45-66.

Carey, J. Can flowers cleanse the Earth?. (1996), Business Week. February 19.

Carlson, C.L., D.C. Adriano, K.S. Sajwan, S.L. Abels, D.P. Thoma, and J.T. Driver. Effects of selected trace metals on germinating seeds of six plant species. (1991), Water Air Soil Pollut. 59:231.

Carman, E.P. Using phytoremediation to address fuel oil contaminated soil at an active industrial facility - A low cost, non-invasive, in-situ alternative. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18-19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Carman, E.P. Using phytoremediation to address fuel oil contaminated soils. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Carman, E.P., T.L. Crossman, and E.G. Gatliff. Phytoremediation of fuel oil-contaminated soil. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium. April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:347-352.

Carman, E.P., T.L. Crossman, and E.G. Gatliff. Trees stimulate remediation at fuel oil contaminated site. (1998), Soil & Groundwater Cleanup. February/March 1998

Carman, E.P., T.L. Crossman, and E.G. Gatliff. Using Phytoremediation to Address Contaminated Soil at an Active Facility in Wisconsin - An Update. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Carman, E.P., T.L. Crossman, and E.G. Gatliff. Phytoremediation of No. 2 Fuel Oil-Contaminated Soil. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 455-466, July 1998.

Carr, R.H. Vegetative growth in soils containing crude petroleum. (1919), Soil Sci. 8:67-68.
The writer had occasion during the past year to make some investigations concerning the effect upon vegetative growth of crude petroleum oil mixed with soil. The occasion for the oil coming in contact with the soil was due to breaks in cross-country pipe lines which permitted some oil to escape to the surface of the ground and spread, or be carried by high water, and later backed over the lower lands. Investigations of the soil and crops said to be damaged by oil were made with a view to using the data in a land damage suit. There is plenty of evidence of the killing effect of crude oil when in contact with growing plants, but the writer was unable to get data on the damaging effect of varying amounts of crude oil which had been incorporated in the soil from any cause, and the following year this soil was prepared for growing a crop. It was claimed by one witness in the course of the damage suit that the soil was "killed" by the oil, whatever that may mean. It might be supposed the killing referred to meant destroying bacterial life in the soil and making it useless in further crop production.

Carreira, L.H. Abstract: Enzymology of degradation pathways for TNT. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Carreira, L.H. The use of antibody assays to predict plants capable of phytoremediation of nitroaromatics. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Carvalho, K. M. Gc/Ms Analysis of Volatile Organic Selenium Species Produced During Phytoremediation. (2001), J. Environmental Science Health A(36)(7): 1403-1409.

Carvalho, K. M. and D. F. Martin. Removal of Aqueous Selenium by Four Aquatic Plants. (2001), Journal Of Aquatic Plant Management 39: 33-36.

Cary, E.E., and W.H. Allaway. Selenium content of field crops grown on selenite-treated soils. (1973), Agron. J. 65:922-925.

Castro, S., L. C. Davis and L. E. Erickson. Plant Enhanced Remediation of Glycol-Based Aircraft Deicing Fluids. (2001), ASCE Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 5(3): 141-152.

Chaffin, C.T., L.C. Davis, L.E. Erickson, W.G. Fateley, R.M. Hammaker, R.M. Hoffman, R. Green, M. Jesch, V.D. Makepeace, T.L. Marshall, and N. Muralidharan. Poster Abstract: Monitoring fluxes through plants by use of fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). (1995), p. 102. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Chaineau, C. H., J. L. Morel and J. Oudet. Biodegradation of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons in the Rhizosphere of Maize. (2000), Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 569-578.

Chaineau, C.H., J.L. Morel, and J. Oudot. Phytotoxicity and Plant Uptake of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons. (1997), J. Environ. Quality. 26:1478-1483.

Chaineau, C.-H., J.L. Morel, and J. Oudot. Biodegradation of fuel oil hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere of maize. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Chaîneau, C.H., J.L. Morel, and J. Oudot. Land treatment of oil-based drill cuttings in an agricultural soil. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25:858-867.

Chambers, J.C., J.A. MacMaron, and R.W. Brown. Alpine Seedling Establishment: The Influence of Disturbance Type. (1990), Ecology 71, 4, 1323-1341.

Chandra, P., S. Sinha, and U.N. Rai. Bioremediation of chromium from water and soil by vascular aquatic plants. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Chaney, R. Metal-Scavenging Plants to Cleanse the Soil. (1997), Agricultural Research, USDA-ARS, p. 4-9.

Chaney, R.L. Plant uptake of inorganic waste constituents. (1983), pp. 50-76. In J.F. Parr, P.B. Marsh, and J.M. Kla (eds.), Land Treatment of Hazardous Waste. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ.

Chaney, R.L. Abstract: Phytoremediation of Zn+Cd contaminated soils using metal hyperaccumulator plants: Progress in technology developments. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Chaney, R.L. Zinc phytotoxicity. (1983), p. 135-150. In A.D. Robson (ed.), Zinc in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

Chaney, R.L., M. Malik, Y.M. Li, S.L. Brown, E.P. Brewer, J.S. Angle and A.J.M. Baker. Phytoremediation of soil metals. (1997), Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8(3):279.

Chaney, R.L., S. Brown, Y.-M. Li, J.S. Angle, F. Homer, and C. Green. Potential use of metal hyperaccumulators. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3(3):9-11.

Chaney, R.L., W.N. Beyer, C.H. Gifford, and L. Sileo. Effects of zinc smelter emissions on farm and gardens at Palmerton, PA. (1988), Trac. Subst./ Environ. Health. 22:263-280.

Chaney, R.L., Y.M. Li, S.L. Brown, J.S. Angle, and A.J.M. Baker. Hyperaccumulator based phytoremediation of metal-rich soils. (1995), pp. 33-34. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia,

Chaney, Rufus. Metal-Scavenging Plants to Cleanse the Soil. (1995), Agricultural Research. Nov. 4-9.

Chang, Y. and M. Corapcioglu. Plant-Enhanced Subsurface Bioremediation of Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons. (1998), J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE 124(2): 162169.

Chang, Y.-Y. and M.Y. Corapcioglu. Plant-enhanced subsurface bioremediation of nonvolatile hydrocarbons. (1998), J. Environ. Eng. 124:162-169.

Chappell, J. Phytoremediation of Tce in Groundwater Using Populus. (1998). Washington, D.C., United States Environmental Protection Agency: 59.

Chard, J. K., B. J. Orchard, W. J. Doucette and B. Bugbee. Plant Growth Conditions Alter the Uptake of Trichloroethylene by Hybrid Poplar. (1999), 1999 Hazardous Waste Research Conference, St. Louis, Misosuri, HSRC, US EPA Regions 7 & 8.

Chaudhry, Q., P. W.-R. Schroder, D. and W. M. Grajek, R. Prospects and Limitations of Phytoremediation for the Removal of Persistent Pesticides in the Environment. (2002), Environ. Sci. & Pollution Research 9(1): 4-17.

Chaudhry, T., W. Hayes, A. Khan and C. Khoo. Phytoremediation: Focusing on Accumulator Plants That Remediate Metal-Contaminated Soils. (1998), Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 4(1): 37-51.

Chekol, T., L. R. Vough and R. L. Chaney. Plant-Soil-Contaminant Specificity Affects Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants. (2002), Int J Phytoremediat 4(1): 17-26.

Chen, B., P. Christie and X. Li. A Modified Glass Bead Compartment Cultivation System for Studies on Nutrient and Trace Metal Uptake by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza. (2001), CHEMOSPHERE 42(2): 185-192.

Chen, D. Plant Uptake and Soil Adsorption of Rdx. (1993), Agronomy. Urbana-Champaign, Univerisity of Illinois: 103.

Chen, H. and T. Cutright. Edta and Hedta Effects on Cd, Cr, and Ni Uptake by Helianthus Annuus. (2001), Chemosphere 45(1): 21-28.

Chen, H., C. Zheng, C. Tu and Z. Shen. Chemical Methods and Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals. (2000), Chemosphere 41(1-2): 229-234.

Chen, J., J.W. Huang, T. Caspar, and S.D. Cunningham. Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studying lead accumulation and tolerance in plants. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Chen, T., Z. L. Fan, M. Lei, Z. C. Huang and C. Y. Wei. Effect of Phosphorus on Arsenic Accumulation in as-Hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L. And Its Implication. (2002), Chinese Science Bulletin 47(22): 1876-1879.

Chen, W., F. Bruhlmann, R. D. Richins and A. Mulchandiani. Engineering of Improved Microbes and Enzymes for Bioremediation. (1999), Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10: 137-141.

Cheng, S., F. Ren, W. Grosse and Z. Wu. Effects of Cadmium on Chlorophyll Content, Photochemical Efficiency, and Photosynthetic Intensity Ofcanna Indicalinn. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(3).

Childress, C.R., and J.R. Shann. Poster Abstract: Pilot-scale testing of constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater containing volatile organics. (1995), p. 90. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Chlopecka, A., and D.C. Adriano. Mimicked in-situ stabilization of metals in a cropped soil: Availability and chemical form of zinc. (1996), Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:3294.

Chlopecka, A., J.R. Bacon, M.J. Wilson, and J. Kay. Forms of cadmium, lead, and zinc in contaminated soils from Southwest Poland. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25(1):69-79.

Christensen-Kirsh, K.M. Phytoremediation and wastewater effluent disposal: Guidelines for landscape planers and designers. (1996), University of Oregon. December.
Phytoremediation is the engineered use of plants to remediate soil and water pollution. It is an important field of research for landscape planners and designers because it offers the hope that human impacts on the landscape might somehow be accommodated within natural ecosystem processes. To date, planners and designers have had relatively little opportunity to educate themselves about phytoremediation and its range of potential applications. Most phytoremediation literature is published in scientific or professional engineering journals which are not widely distributed in the planning and design professions. It is important for planners and designers to understand the basic processes of phytoremediation, its potential applications, strengths and limitations because they are frequently in a position to introduce phytoremediation as an alternative to traditional pollution remediation techniques. Compared to such techniques, phytoremediation presents a unique set of regulatory issues since performance is dependent on the environmental conditions at each site. These regulatory issues may be satisfied by deriving operational projections from data that is relevant to the local conditions, and by using a phased implementation approach that provides for the development of supplementary local data over time.This research documents a case study using phytoremediation in the proposed design for the wastewater effluent disposal site for the city of Veneta, Oregon. The proposed design enables the city to meet the future operational disposal requirements while enhancing the vegetative diversity of the disposal area. This is an important objective because the effluent disposal site is located adjacent to the proposed Upper Long Tom River Greenway, a natural resource and recreation area of riparian forests, prairie and seasonal wetlands. By creating a 'primer' of phytoremediation for wastewater effluent, aimed at landscape planners and designers, this research illustrates the ecosystem enhancing potential of this approach.

Christodoulakis, N.S., and N.S. Margaris. Growth of corn (Zea mays) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants is affected by water and sludge from a sewage treatment plant. (1996), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57:300-306.

Clark, B. W., J. B. Belden, T. A. Phillips and J. R. Coats. Evaluation of Phytoremediation Success of Morus Rubra on Pesticide-Contaminated Soil Using Biological and Chemical Endpoints. (2002), Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, WASHINGTON.

Clifford, P.A., D. Barchers, D.F. Ludwig, R.L. Sielken, J.S. Klingensmith, R.V. Graham, and M.I. Banton. An approach to quantifying spatial components of exposure for ecological risk assessment. (1995), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14(5):895-907.

Clyde, R. Abstract: Cells on fibers for pollution control. (1997), Poster 49. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Thousands of gallons of radioactive metals are in tanks which are leaking. From Hanford, for example, they are leaking into the Columbia River which goes to Portland. Many people use resins to capture the metals, but they are not effective at low concentrations of uranium. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruainosa can capture uranium in minutes and this is covered in Clyde-Whipple patent 4,530,763. Other bacteria capture cesium, strontium, and selenium. Lead is over the limit in many large cities and this can be removed in seconds. White rot fungus degrades many pollutants and it grows on old cardboard boxes. When buried in soil, air is entrapped for growth of the fungus. Patent 5,256,570 tells how to get oxygen into liquid. H2S can be degraded by the same method.

Coats, J. R. Phytoremediation of Agrochemical Residues in the Environment. (2001), Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, WASHINGTON.

Coats, J. R., J. B. Belden, T. A. Phillips, K. L. Henderson and B. W. Clark. Detoxification of Pesticide Residues in Soil Using Phytoremediation. (2002), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, WASHINGTON.

Cobbett, C.S., R. Howden, P.B. Goldsbrough, and C.R. Andersen. Phytochelatin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. (1995), pp. 17-18. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Cole, M.A., X. Liu, and L. Zhang. Plant and microbial establishment in pesticide-contaminated soils amended with compost. (1994), pp. 210-222. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Cole, S. The emergence of treatment wetlands. (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(9):218A-223A.

Coleman, J. O. D., M. M. A. Blake-Kalff and T. G. E. Davies. Detoxification of Xenobiotics by Plants: Chemical Modification and Vacuolar Compartmentation. (1997), Trends in Plant Science 2: 144-151.

Coleman, J., C. Frova, P. Schroder and M. Tissut. Exploiting Plant Metabolism for the Phytoremediation of Persistent Herbicides. (2002), Environ. Sci. & Pollution Research 9(1): 18-28.

Collins, C., F. Laturnus and A. Nepovim. Remediation of Btex and Trichloroethene: Current Knowledge with Special Emphasis on Phytoremediation. (2002), Environ Sci & Poll Res 9(1): 1-94.

Collins, J.C. Zinc. (1981), p. 145-169. In N.W. Lepp (ed.), Effect of heavy metal pollution on plants, Vol. 1. Effects of trace metals on plant function. Applied Science Publishers, London.

Collins, R. N., G. Merrington, M. J. McLaughlin and C. Knudsen. Uptake of Intact Zinc-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid from Soil Is Dependent on Plant Species and Complex Concentration. (2002), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21(9): 1940-1945.

Colwell, R.R. The bioremediation industry: Potential and future prospects. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Comis, D. Green remediation: Using plants to clean the soil. (1996), J. Soil Water Conserv. 51(3):184-187.

Comis, D. Metal-scavenging plants to cleanse the soil. (1995), Agric. Res. 43(11):4-9.

Compton, H. R., D. M. Haroski, S. R. Hirsch and J. G. Wrobel. Pilot-Scale Use of Trees to Address Voc Contamination. (1998), International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. G. B. Wickramanayake and R. E. Hinchee. Monterey, CA, Battelle Press. 4: 245-250.

Compton, H.R., D.M. Haroski, S.R. Hirsh, and J.G. Wrobel. Pilot-scale use of trees to address VOC contamination. (1998), pp. 245-250. In G.B. Wickramanayake and R.E. Hinchee (eds.) Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Conge, R.M, and R.J. Portier. Transpiration in black willow phytoremediation plots a determined by heat balance methods. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA

Conger, R.M., and R. Portier. Phytoremediation experimentation with the herbicide bentazon. (1997), Remed. Spring. 7(2):19-37.
An experiment was performed on six species of trees to determine the feasibility of remediating groundwater contaminated with an agricultural herbicide, bentazon, at a site in southern Louisiana. Fate studies on bentazon support that it is translocated to the plant leaves where it is degraded by photolysis to lower-order derivative compounds within short periods of time. Both transpiration observations and dosing tests suggest that the most favorable phreatophyte and tolerant specie of tree to bentazon exposure was the black willow (Salix nigra).

Connell, S. and S. Al-Hamdani. Selected Physiological Responses of Kudzu to Different Chromium Concentrations. (2001), Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81(1): 53-58.

Cooper, E., D. Hjulberg, J. Villa, and J.G. DeWitt. Understanding transformation of heavy metals in a metal-tolerant plant using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. (1997), In G.W. Luthur III and K.B. Anderson (eds.), 214th ACS National Meeting, September 7-11, 1997, Las Vegas, NV.

Cooper, E., J. Sims, S. Cunningham, J. Huang and W. Berti. Chelate-Assisted Phytoextraction of Lead from Contaminated Soils. (1999), J. Environ. Qual. 28(6): 1709-1719.

Corapcioglu, M., R. Rhykerd, C. Munster, M. Drew, K. Sung and Y. Chang. Modeling Phytoremediation of Land Contaminated by Hydrocarbons. (1998), The First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, Battelle Press.

Corapcioglu, M.Y., R.L. Rhykerd, C.L. Munster, M.C. Drew, K. Sung, and Y.-Y. Chang. Modeling phytoremediation of land contaminated by hydrocarbons. (1998), pp. 239-244. In G.B. Wickramanayake and R.E. Hinchee (eds.) Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Cornejo, J. J., F. G. Munoz, C. Y. Ma and A. J. Stewart. Studies on the Decontamination of Air by Plants. (1999), Ecotoxicology 8(4): 311- 320.

Cornish, J, M. Fuhrmann, L. Kochian, and D. Page. Phytoextraction treatability study: removal of 137Cs from soils at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Hazardous Waste Management Facility Site. Progress Report. (1997), U.S. Department of Energy. February 1997.

Cornish, J.E., W.C. Goldberg, R.S. Levine, and J.R. Benemann. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with toxic elements and radionuclides. (1995), pp. 55-63. In R.E. Hinchee, J.L. Means, and D.R. Burris (eds.), Bioremediation of Inorganics. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Corseuil, H. X. and F. N. Moreno. Phytoremediation Potential of Willow Trees for Aquifers Contaminated with Ethanol-Blended Gasoline. (2001), Water Research 35(12): 3013-3017.

Coy, P. Plants that clean a mess of messes. (1995), Business Week. May 8. p. 96.

Coyle, C., P. Duggan, M. Godinho and D. McGrath. The Development of a Phytoremediation Technique for the Detoxification of Soils Contaminated with Phenolic Compounds Using Horseradish Peroxidase (Armoracia Rusticana): Preliminary Results. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(2).

Criquet, S., E. Joner, P. Leglize and C. Leyval. Anthracene and Mycorrhiza Affect the Activity of Oxidoreductases in the Roots and the Rhizosphere of Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.). (2000), Biotechnol. Lett. 22(21): 1733-1737.

Crites, R.W., G.D. Dombeck, and C.R. Williams. Removal of metals and ammonia in constructed wetlands. (1997), Water Environ. Res. 69:132.

Crowley, D. E., M. V. Brennerova, C. Irwin, V. Brenner and D. D. Focht. Rhizosphere Effects on Biodegradation of 2,5-Dichlorobenzoate by a Bioluminescent Strain of Root-Colonizing Pseudomonas Fluorescens. (1996), FEMS Microbiology Ecology 20: 79-89.

Crowley, D.E., S. Alvey, and E.S. Gilbert. Rhizosphere ecology of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Cui, Y., A. Chatterjee, C.K. Dumenyo, Y. Liu, and A.K. Chatterjee. Poster Abstract: Characterization of an Erwinia carotovora repressor gene (rsmA) that controls extracellular enzyme production, pathogenicity and secondary metabolic systems. (1995), p. 78. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Cunningham, J.D., D.R. Keeney, and J.A. Ryan. Phytotoxicity and uptake of metals added to soils as inorganic salts or in sewage sludge. (1975), J. Environ. Qual. 4(4):460-463.

Cunningham, S. Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soils and sludges. (1995), pp. 38-39. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Cunningham, S. What plants can and cannot do. (1995), pp. 47-48. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Cunningham, S.D. The phytoremediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants: Problems and promise. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Cunningham, S.D. Getting the lead out, or leaving it in. The art, science (and a little politics) of the phytoremediation of lead contaminated soils. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Cunningham, S.D. Abstract: Phytoremediation of contaminated soils: progress and promise. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:319.

Cunningham, S.D., and C.R. Lee. Phytoremediation: Plant-based remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. (1995), pp. 145-156. In H.D. Skipper and R.F. Turco (eds.), Bioremediation: Science and Applications. SSSA Special Publication 43. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Cunningham, S.D., and D.W. Ow. Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. (1996), Plant Physiol. 110:715-719.

Cunningham, S.D., and W.R. Berti. The remediation of contaminated soils with green plants: An overview. (1993), In Vitro Cell. Devel. Biol. - J. Tissue Cult. Assoc. 29:207-212.

Cunningham, S.D., and W.R. Berti, and J.W. Huang. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils. (1995), Trends Biotechnol. 13:393-397.

Cunningham, S.D., J.R. Shann, D.E. Crowley, and T.A. Anderson. Phytoremediation of contaminated water and soil. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Cunningham, S.D., J.W. Huang, J. Chen, and W.R. Berti. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils - Progress and promise. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212: 87-AGRO.

Cunningham, S.D., T.A. Anderson, A.P. Schwab, and F.C. Hsu. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants. (1996), Adv. Agron. 56:55-114.

Cunningham, S.D., W.R. Berti, and J.W. Huang. Remediation of contaminated soils and sludges by green plants. (1995), pp. 33-54. In R.E. Hinchee, J.L. Means, and D.R. Burris (eds.), Bioremediation of Inorganics. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Cunningham, S.D., W.R. Berti, and J.W. Huang. Abstract: Remediation of contaminated soils and industrial sludges by green plants. (1994), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, Volume I, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Cunningham, S.D., W.R. Berti, and J.W. Huang. Remediation of contaminated soils and sludges by green plants. (1995), In Platform Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Dahmani-Muller, H., F. Oort and M. Balabane. Metal Extraction by Arabidopsis Halleri Grown on an Unpolluted Soil Amended with Various Metal-Bearing Solids: A Pot Experiment. (2001), Environmental Pollution 114: 77-84.

Dahmani-Muller, H., F. van Oort, B. Gelie and M. Balabane. Strategies of Heavy Metal Uptake by Three Plant Species Growing near a Metal Smelter. (2000), Environ. Pollut. 109(2): 231-238.

D'Alleinne, C. Poster abstract: Application of thermal desorption for the concentration of phytoextracted metals. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18-19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Dan, T. V., S. KrishnaRaj and P. K. Saxena. Cadmium and Nickel Uptake and Accumulation in Scented Geranium (Pelargonium Sp 'Frensham'). (2002), Water Air & Soil Pollution 137(1-4): 355-364.

Darrah, P. and S. Staunton. A Mathematical Model of Root Uptake of Cations Incorporating Root Turnover, Distribution within the Plant, and Recycling of Absorbed Species. (2000), EUR J SOIL SCI 51(4): 643-653.

Das, P., S. Samantaray, and G.R. Rout. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. (1997), Environ. Pollut. 98(1):29-36

Davies, E.B., and J.H. Watkinson. Uptake of native and applied selenium by pasture species. I. Uptake of Se by browntop, ryegrass, cockfoot, and white clover from Atiamuri sand. (1966), N.Z. J. Agic. Res. 9:317-327.

Davies, F. T., J. D. Puryear, R. J. Newton, J. N. Egilla and J. Grossi. Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Accumulation and Tolerance of Chromium in Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus). (2001), Journal Of Plant Physiology 158(6): 777-786.

Davis, L. C., C.-D. S., Q. Zhang and L. E. Erickson. Benefits of Vegetation for Soils with Organic Contaminants. (2002), Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 21(5): 457-491.

Davis, L. C., D. Lupher, J. Hu and L. E. Erickson. Transport of Trichloroethylene through Living Plant Tissues. (1999), 14th Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, St. Louis, Mo.

Davis, L. C., S. Vanderhoff, J. Dana, K. Selk, K. Smith, B. Golpen and L. E. Erickson. Movement of Chlorinated Solvents and Other Volatile Organics through Plants Monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared (Ft-Ir) Spectrometry. (1998), J. Hazardous Waste 1-4: 1-19.

Davis, L.C., C.T. Chaffin, L.E. Erickson, W.G. Fateley, R.M. Hammaker, R.M. Hoffman, N. Muralidharan, and V.P. Visser. Using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to monitor the progress of plant based bioremediation efforts. (1994), pp. 92-94. In Twentieth Annual RREL Research Symposium Abstract Proceedings, EPA Risk Reduction Eng. Lab., March 15-17, 1994. Cincinnati, OH. EPA/600/R-94/011.

Davis, L.C., C.T. Chaffin, N. Muralidharan, V.P. Visser, W.G. Fateley, L.E. Erickson, and R.M. Hammaker. Monitoring the beneficial effects of plants in bioremediation of volatile organic compounds. (1993), pp. 236-249. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Davis, L.C., L.E. Erickson, E. Lee, J.F. Shimp, and J.C. Tracy. Modeling the effects of plants on the bioremediation of contaminated soil and ground water. (1993), Environ. Prog. 12:67-75.

Davis, L.C., N. Muralidharan, V.P. Visser, C. Chaffin., W.G. Fateley, L.E. Erickson, and R.M. Hammaker. Alfalfa plants and associated microorganisms promote biodegradation rather than volatilization of organic substances from ground water. (1994), pp. 112-122. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

de Haro, A., A. Pujadas, A. Polonio, R. Font, D. Velez, R. Montoro and M. del Rio. Phytoremediation of the Polluted Soils after the Toxic Spill of the Aznalcollar Mine by Using Wild Species Collected in Situ. (2000), Fresenius Environ. Bull. 9(5-6): 275-280.

De Koe, T., A. Assuncao and P. Bleeker. Phytoremediation of the Jales Mine Spoils with Arsenate Tolerant Genotypes of Holcus Lanatus L. (1999), Revista de Biologia (Lisbon) 17(1-4): 23-32.

de Souza, M. P., C. P. Huang, N. Chee and N. Terry. Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance the Accumulation of Selenium and Mercury in Wetland Plants. (1999), Planta (Berlin) 209(2): 259-263.

Debrone, F., T. Elmayan, C. Deroton, L. Dehys and M. Tepfer. Cadmium Partitioning in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing a Mammalian Metallothionein Gene. (1998), Molecular Breeding 4(2): 83-90.

Debus, R, A. Fliender, and C. Shafers. An Artificial stream mescocosm to simulate fate and effects of chemicals: technical data and initial experience with the biocenosis. (1996), Chemosphere 32, 9, 1813-1822.

DeBusk, T.A., and F.E. Dierberg. Abstract: Lead compartmentalization in thin-film rhizosphere and wetland systems: Implications for metal phytoremediation by aquatic macrophytes. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Dec, J., and J.-M. Bollag. Application of plant materials for the clean-up of wastewater. (1995), In Platform Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Dec, J., and J.-M. Bollag. Dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols during binding to humus. (1994), pp. 102-111. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Dec, J., and J.-M. Bollag. Application of plant materials for the cleanup of wastewater. (1995), pp. 307-312. In R.E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, and L. Semprini (eds.), Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Dec, J., and J.-M. Bollag. Use of plant material for the decontamination of water polluted with phenols. (1994), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44:1132-1139.

Del Rio, M., R. Font, C. Almela, D. Velez, R. Montoro and A. D. Bailon. Heavy Metals and Arsenic Uptake by Wild Vegetation in the Guadiamar River Area after the Toxic Spill of the Aznalcollar Mine. (2002), Journal of Biotechnology 98(1): 125-137.

del Rio, M., R. Font, D. Velez, C. Almela, R. Montoro and A. De Haro. Uptake and Distribution of Arsenic in Amaranthus Blitoides Growtin on Contaminanted Soils. (2002), Fresen Environ Bull 11(9A): 589-593.

del Rio, M., R. Font, J. Fernandez-Martinez, J. Dominguez and A. de Haro. Field Trials of Brassica Carinata and Brassica Juncea in Polluted Soils of the Guadiamar River Area. (2000), Fresenius Environ. Bull. 9(5-6): 328-332.

Delano, S.F., D.Y. Kim, and P. J. Jackson. Abstract: Monitoring munition compounds in soil using plants: Detection of TNT-induced gene expression in plants. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Delhaize, E., P.R. Ryan, and P.J. Randall. Aluminum tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) II. Aluminum-stimulated excretion of malic acid from root apices. (1993), Plant Physiol. 103:695-703.

Delorme, T. A., J. S. Angle, F. J. Coale and R. L. Chaney. Phytoremediation of Phosphorus-Enriched Soils. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

DeLuca, T.H. and E.L. Lynch. Assessment of amendments in the reclamation of an abandoned mine in Montana. (1997), Intermountain Journal of Science, 3, 1, 38-46, March.

Denduluri, S. Ameliorative effects of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilo triacetic acid on lead toxicity in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in sewage-irrigated soil. (1994), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52:516-523.

Deram, A., D. Petit, B. Robinson, R. Brooks, P. Gregg and C. Van Halluwyn. Natural and Induced Heavy-Metal Accumulation by Arrhenatherum Elatius: Implications for Phytoremediation. (2000), Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 31(3-4): 413-421.

Desouza, M., E. Pilonsmits, C. Lytle, S. Hwang, J. Tai, T. Honma, L. Yeh and N. Terry. Rate-Limiting Steps in Selenium Assimilation and Volatilization by Indian Mustard. (1998), Plant Physiol. 117(4): 1487-1494.

Dhankher, O. P., Y. J. Li, B. P. Rosen, J. Shi, D. Salt, J. F. Senecoff, N. A. Sashti and R. B. Meagher. Engineering Tolerance and Hyperaccumulation of Arsenic in Plants by Combining Arsenate Reductase and Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Expression. (2002), Nature Biotechnology 20(11): 1140-1145.

Dibble, J.T., and R. Bartha. Rehabilitation of oil-inundated agricultural land: A case history. (1979), Soil Sci. 128:56-60.
As a consequence of a pipeline break, approximately 1.9 million liters of kerosene inundated 1.5 hectares of a New Jersey wheat field. After emergency cleanup operations, the hydrocarbon content of the contaminated field was assessed by coring, extraction, and quantitative gas chromatography. A rehabilitation program, consisting of liming, fertilization, and frequent tilling, was initiated, and the decrease of hydrocarbon contaminants in the soil was monitored for a 2-year period. Seed germination and yield data showed that the field returned to a near-normal and productive state 1 year after the spill. The hydrocarbon content of the surface soil decreased to an insignificant level 2 years after the spill. The disappearance rate of the hydrocarbon contaminants showed a definite correlation with the monthly temperature averages. In addition to the rehabilitation program, the oil type and the nature of the contaminated soil both contributed to the relatively rapid recovery of this field.

Dickinson, N.M., A.P. Turner, and N.W. Lepp. How do trees and other long-lived plants survive polluted environments?. (1991), Funct. Ecol. 5(1):5-11.

Dietz, A. and J. L. Schnoor. Advances in Phytoremediation. (2001), Environmental Health Perspectives 109(1): 163-168.

Dietz, A. and J. L. Schnoor. Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar. (2001), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(2): 389-393.

Dietz, A. C. and J. L. Schnoor. Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar (Populus Deltoides X Nigra, Dn-34). (2001), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20: 389-393.

Dini, J. Phytoremediation. (1998), Plat. Surf. Finish. 85(8): 42-44.

Dobson, M.C. and A.J. Moffat. A re-evaluation of objections to tree planting on containment landfills. (1995), Waste Management & Research. 13(6):579-600.

Dodds-Smith, M.E., C.A. Payne, and J.J. Gusek. Reedbeds at Wheal Jane. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3(3):22-24.

Dodge, C.J. and A.J. Francis. Biotransformation of binary and ternary citric acid complexes of iron and uranium. (1997), Environ Science and Tech. 31, 3062-3067.

Dommergues, Y.R. Contribution of actinorhizal plants to tropical soil productivity and rehabilitation. (1997), Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(5-6):931.

Dommergues, Y.R. Contribution of actinorhizal plants to tropical soil productivity and rehabilitation. (1997), Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29:5-6, 931-941.

Donnelly, P.K., and J.S. Fletcher. Potential use of mycorrhizal fungi as bioremediation agents. (1994), pp. 93-99. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Donnelly, P.K., R.S. Hegde, and J.S. Fletcher. Growth of PCB-degrading bacteria on compounds from photosynthetic plants. (1994), Chemosphere. 28:981-988.
Compounds produced by photosynthetic plants were shown to support the growth of PCB-degrading bacteria, and the organisms retained their ability to metabolize PCBs. These results indicate that the rhizosphere zone surrounding the roots of some plant species may selectively foster the growth of PCB-degrading microbes. Thus, introduction of a carefully selected plant species at PCB-contaminated sites has promise as a new means of enhancing and maintaining microbial degradation of PCBs.

Doran, P. Hairy Roots Help Explain Nickel Hyperaccumulation. (2001), Industrial Bioprocessing 23(10): 5.

Dorian, D., C. Jacobsen, and J. Burke. Treatability study of soil using bioremediation (an unpublished report). (1995), Environmental Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Doty, S. L., T. Q. Shang, A. M. Wilson, A. L. Moore, L. A. Newman, S. E. Strand and M. P. Gordon. Metabolism of the Soil and Groundwater Contaminants, Ethylene Dibromide and Trichloroethylene, by the Tropical Leguminous Tree, Leuceana Leucocephala. (2003), Water Res 37(2): 441-449.

Doty, S. L., T. Q. Shang, A. M. Wilson, J. Tangen, A. D. Westergreen, L. A. Newman, S. E. Strand and M. P. Gordon. Enhanced Metabolism of Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Transgenic Plants Containing Mammalian Cytochrome P450 2e1. (2000), Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97(12): 6287-6291.

Doucette, W.J., and B. Bugbee. Abstract: Microcosm method for investigating the biodegradation of organic compounds in rhizosphere soils. (1994), p. 120. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Doucette, W.J., and B. Bugbee. Relationship between aerobic biodegradation rates, chemical structure, and soil type for selected petroleum hydrocarbons. (1996)

Doucette, W.J., B. Bugbee, S. Hayhurst, W.A. Plaehn, D.C. Downey, S.A. Taffinder, and R. Edwards. Phytoremediation of dissolved-phase trichloroethylene using mature vegetation. (1998), pp. 251-256. In G.B. Wickramanayake and R.E. Hinchee (eds.) Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Doust, L.L., J.L. Doust, and M. Schmidt. In praise of plants as biomonitors -- Send in the clones. (1993), Funct. Ecol. 7(6):754-758.

Dowty, R. A., G. P. Shaffer, M. W. Hester, G. W. Childers, F. M. Campo and M. C. Greene. Phytoremediation of Small-Scale Oil Spills in Fresh Marsh Environments: A Mesocosm Simulation. (2001), Marine Environmental Research 52: 195-211.

Drake, E.N. Achieving regulatory acceptance - Assessment of current prospects and limitations for industrial applications. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Drake, E.N. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. A USEPA unpublished meeting summary.

Drake, Evelyn. Phytoremediation of soil: current prospects and limitations for industrial applications. (1997), IBC Phytoremediation Conference. Seattle, Washington. June 18, 1997.

Drake, L.R., S. Lin, G.D. Rayson, and P.J. Jackson. Chemical modification and metal binding studies of Datura innoxia. (1996), Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:110-114.
The esterification of carboxylate functionalities present in the cell walls of Datura innoxia results in a decrease in metal uptake by as much as 40%, depending on the metal studied. These findings suggest that carboxylate groups are important in metal ion adsorption to this biomaterial. Base hydrolysis of the native plant material resulted in a slight increase in metal ion uptake for Cu2+ and Sr2+ and a decrease in uptake for Cd2+. These results are attributed to the hydrolysis of esters native to the plant material, which increases the carboxylate content but also results in conformational changes in the macromolecules that comprise the cell fragments. Both the esterified product and the hydrolyzed material were examined via infared spectroscopy. A peak occurring at 1735 cm-1 (attributed to the carbonyl stretch) confirmed the esterification process. The infared spectra of the hydrolyzed samples indicate further ionization of carboxylate groups or hydrolysis of esters native to D. innoxia.

Duc, R., T. Vanek, P. Soudek and J.-P. Schwitzgue´bel. Accumulation and Transformation of Sulfonated Aromatic Compounds by Rhubarb Cells (Rheum Palmatum). (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(3).

Dudka, S., M. Piotrowska, and H. Terelak. Transfer of cadmium, lead, and zinc from industrially contaminated soil to crop plants: A field study. (1996), Environ. Pollut. 94:181-188.

Duffy, J. Field experiment, trichloroethylene, poplar trees: Summary presentation. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. A USEPA unpublished meeting summary.

Dunn, J.R. and Singh, U.P. Landfill Closures: Einvironmental Protection and land Recovery. Geotechnical Special Publication, QE601,G46,no.53,c.2.

Dushenkov, S. and M. Fuhrmann. Evaluation of potential of crop plants for phytoextraction of 137Cs. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Dushenkov, S., A. Mikheev, A. Prokhnevsky, M. Ruchko and B. Sorochinsky. Phytoremediation of Radiocesium-Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Chernobyl, Ukraine. (1999), Environmental Science & Technology 33(3): 469-475.

Dushenkov, S., D. Vasudev, Y. Kapulnik, D. Gleba, D. Fleisher, K.C. Ting and B. Ensley. Removal of uranium from water using terrestrial plants. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12):3468-3474.

Dushenkov, S., D. Vasudev, Y. Kapulnik, D. Gleba, D. Fleisher, K.C. Ting, and B. Ensley. Removal of uranium from water using terrestrial plants. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(12):3468-3474.

Dushenkov, S., M. Skarzhinskaya, K. Glimelius, D. Gleba and I. Raskin. Bioengineering of a Phytoremediation Plant by Means of Somatic Hybridization. (2002), Int J Phytoremediat 4(2): 117-126.

Dushenkov, S., Y. Kapulnik, M. Blaylock, B. Sorochisky, I. Raskin and B. Ensley. Phytoremediation: A novel approach to an old problem. (1997), Studies Environ. Sci. 66:563.

Dushenkov, V., P.B.A. Nanda Kumar, H. Motto, and I. Raskin. Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. (1995), Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1239-1245.

Dutton, G. Stemming the toxic tide. (1996), Compressed Air Magazine. 101(4):38-43.
The wildflowers should not have been there. But there they were, blooming along the shores of the lakes of oil left by the Persian Gulf War. Common sense said that flowers could not grow in the oil-soaked sand of Kuwait. Even more puzzling, the roots of the plants were found to be completely free of oil. Scientists later discovered that the roots had recruited oil-degrading microbes to clean the soil surrounding them.This occurrence had significant implications for toxic sites throughout the world because it validated extensive research on plants that remediate, or clean up, toxic substances in soil and water. This method, called phytoremediation, promises to be an effective treatment for contaminated soil and sludge at industrial locations and sites managed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under Superfund.

Duxbury, C.L., D.G. Dixon, and B.M. Greenberg. Effects of simulated solar radiation on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the duckweed Lemna gibba. (1997), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(8):1739-1748.

Dzantor, E. and J. Woolston. Dissipation of Aroclor 1248 (Pcb) and Dinitro-O-Cresol under Grass and Legume Rhizospheres. (2000), Conference Proceedings: Environmental and Pipeline Engineering 2000. R. Surampalli: 108-117.

Dzantor, E. K. and J. E. Woolston. Enhancing Dissipation of Aroclor 1248 (Pcb) Using Substrate Amendment in Rhizosphere Soil. (2001), Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 36(10): 1861-1871.

Dzantor, E., T. Chekol and L. Vough. Feasibility of Using Forage Grasses and Legumes for Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants. (2000), J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 35(9): 1645-1661.

Dzantor, K. E., J. E. Woolston and B. Momen. Pcb Dissipation and Microbial Community Analysis in Rhizosphere Soil under Substrate Amendment Conditions. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(4).

Ebbs, S. and L. Kochian. Phytoextraction of Zinc by Oat (Avena Sativa), Barley (Hordeum Vulgare), and Indian Mustard (Brassica Juncea). (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(6): 802-806.

Ebbs, S., D. Brady and L. Kochian. Role of Uranium Speciation in the Uptake and Translocation of Uranium by Plants. (1998), J.Exp. Biol. 49(324): 1183-1190.

Ebbs, S., D. Brady, W. Norvell and L. Kochian. Uranium Speciation, Plant Uptakes, and Phytoremediation. (2000), ASCE national Conf on Environmental and pipeline engineering, Kansas City, MO, ASCE.

Ebbs, S.D. Poster Abstract: The effect of arsenic on the uptake, translocation, and volatilization of selenium by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). (1995), p. 89. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Ebbs, S.D. and L.V. Kochian. Phytoextraction of zinc by oat (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(6):802-806.

Ebbs, S.D., and L.V. Kochian. Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: Implications for phytoremediation. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:776-781.
Heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr and Ni) contamination of some soils poses serious problems to both human health and agriculture in the superfund sites in the US as well as abroad. Current engineering-based technologies used to remediate soils (e.g., removal of top soil for storage at land- fills) are quite costly, and often dramatically disturb the landscape. Recently, there has been considerable interest focused on the use of terrestrial plants to absorb heavy metals from the soil and concentrate them in the easily harvestable shoot tissues as an alternative remediation technology. As over 70% of the metal contaminated sites in the U.S. involve 2 or more metals, the possibility of synergistic effects of multiple metal toxicities may be important for the remediation of these sites. Thus, in this study, we investigated the individual and combined toxicities of zinc and copper to Brassica species that might be used to remediate heavy metal contaminated sites. We found that copper was more toxic than zinc, and exposure to both heavy metals induced micronutrient (iron) deficiency in the plants, as well as causing a significant inhibition of root growth and a decrease in the accumulation of each metal in the shoots. These findings indicate that when remediating sites contaminated with these two metals, it may be necessary to use leaf applications of iron to promote better plant health and shoot biomass production, as well as apply organic materials to the soil to tie up the copper and minimize its toxic effects

Ebbs, S.D., D.J. Brady, and L.V. Kochian. Abstract: Heavy metal and uranium accumulation by grass and dicot species: Are hyperaccumulators required for phytoremediation?. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ebbs, S.D., M.M. Lasat, D.J. Brady, J. Cornish, R. Gordon, and L.V. Kochian. Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from a contaminated soil. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:5, 1424-1430.

Ebbs, S.D., M.M. Lasat, D.J. Brandy, J. Cornish, R. Gordon, and L.V. Kochian. Heavy metals in the environment - Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from a contaminated soil. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:1424-1430.

Eberts, S.M., G.J. Harvey, and S. Rock. Abstract: Phytoremediation of trichloroethylene in a shallow alluvial aquifer - a field demonstration. (1997), Presentation 54. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
A field demonstration designed to evaluate the use of phytoremediation to help clean up shallow trichloroethylene-contaminated ground water has been initiated at the Naval Air Station Fort Worth, Texas. The demonstration entails the planting and cultivation of eastern cottonwood trees above a dissolved trichloroethylene (TCE) plume in a shallow (6 - 11 feet below grade) alluvial aquifer. On the basis of published laboratory investigations, the trees are expected to serve as a natural-pump-and-treat system.Initial site characterization and final site selection were completed in January 1996. Site development, which included planting trees and installing an irrigation system, was completed in April 1996. Monitoring wells and equipment were installed during summer 1996. Baseline sampling also began during summer 1996; demonstration sampling will continue until the year 2000. A mature cottonwood tree adjacent to the site was selected for additional sampling to provide early feedback on the potential fate of the TCE.Ground water levels and TCE concentrations in the aquifer will be monitored to establish baseline conditions and to map changes within the aquifer throughout the life of the demonstration. Contaminant concentrations will also be monitored in the rhizosphere and in the tree tissues. Microbial activity in the rhizosphere will be monitored and tree transpiration rates will be modeled. These data will be used to determine the fate, and processes that affect the fate, of TCE at the site.A stand of whips (cuttings) and a stand of 1 -to 2-year-old trees are included in the study. These stands were planted and will be monitored in a similar fashion. Costs associated with the planting and cultivation of each tree stand will be compared to help assess the practicability of phytoremediation as a cleanup technology.

Echevarria, G., P.C. Vong, C. Valentin-Ranc, and J.L. Morel. Poster Abstract: Factors affecting accumulation of technetium-99 by forage crops. (1995), p. 77. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Echevarria, G., P.C. Vong, E. LeClerc-Cessac and J.L. Morel. Bioavailability of technetium-99 as affected by plant species and growth, application form, and soil incubation. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26(4):947-956.

Edwards, N.T. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of anthracene in bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). (1986), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:659-665.

Ejlertsson, J., E. Johansson, A. Karlsson, U. Meyerson, and B.H. Svensson. Anaerobic degradation of xenobiotics by organisms from municipal solid waste under landfilling conditions. (1996), Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69:67-74.

Eklund, M. Cadmium and lead deposition around a Swedish battery plant as recorded in Oak tree rings. (1995), J. Environ. Qual. 24:126-131.

El Aziz, R., J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. Metal tolerance of Rhizobium meliloti isolated from heavy-metal contaminated soils. (1991), Soil Biol. Biochem. 23(8):795-798.

El Kherbawy, M., J.S. Angle, A. Heggo, and R.L. Chaney. Soil pH, rhizobia, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation effects on growth and heavy metal uptake of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). (1989), Biol. Fertil. Soil. 8(1):61-65.

Eliot, J.L. Treating toxic PCBs with toxic plants. (1998), National Geographic. May 1998

Elless, M. P. and M. J. Blaylock. Amendment Optimization to Enhance Lead Extractability from Contaminated Soils for Phytoremediation. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2.

Elless, M., M. Blaylock, J. Huang and C. Gussman. Plants as a Natural Source of Concentrated Mineral Nutritional Supplements. (2000), Food Chem. 71( 2): 181-188.

Elless, M.P. Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soils - Enhancing phytoextraction by altering the target metals solubility behavior. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Elliott, L.F., R.I. Papendick, and D.F. Bezdicek. Cropping practices using legumes with conservation tillage and soil benefits. (1987), p. 81-90. Soil Conservation Society of America/et. al. Legumes in Conservation Tillage Symposium, April 27-29, 1987, Athens, GA.

Ellis, B., P. Harold, and H. Kronberg. Bioremediation of cresosote contaminated site. (1991), Environmental Technology, 12, 447-459.

Ellis, R.W. and L. Eslick. Variation and range of mercury uptake into plants at a mercury-contaminated abandoned mine site. (1997), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59:763-769.

Elmayan, T., F. Borne, C. Roton, L. Hys, and M. Tepfer. Poster abstract: Cadmium in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a mammalian metallothionein gene. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Elmayan. T. and M. Tepfer. Poster Abstract: Improved reduction of leaf cadmium levels in transgenic tobacco plants by over-expression of a mammalian metallothionein gene. (1995), p. 73. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Elsenheimer, D. and L. Thomas. Phytoremediation of Nitrogen Impacted Derailment Site. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

England, K., D. Richard and D. Connell. Use of a Reconstructed Wetland to Remediate a Chlorinated Voc Contaminant Plume in Mound, Minnesota. (2001), Journal of New England Water Environment Association 35(2): 124-133.

Ensley, B. Identifying the niche for phytoremediation. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Ensley, B.D. The use of plants for the remediation of environmental contamination. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Ensley, B.D. Will plants have a role in bioremediation?. (1995), pp. 1-2. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Ensley, B.D. Abstract: Opening Address: Phytoremediation Applications. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ensley, B.D. Why phytoremediation - Phytoremediation is the most cost-effective approach for many sites. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ensley, B.D., V. Dushenkov, I. Raskin, and D.E. Salt. Rhizofiltration: A new technology to remove metals from aqueous streams. (1994), pp. 153-156. In B.J. Scheiner, T.D. Chatwin, H. El-Shall, S.K. Kawatra, and E.A. Torma (eds.), New Remediation Technology. The Changing Environmental Arena. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, CO.

Ensley, H. E., J. T. Barber, M. A. Polito and A. I. Oliver. Toxicity and Metabolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by the Aquatic Angiosperm Lemna Gibba. (1994), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(2): 325-331.

Entry, J. A., L. S. Watrud and M. Reeves. Influence of Organic Amendments on the Accumulation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from Contaminated Soil by Three Grass Species. (2001), Water Air & Soil Pollution 126(3-4): 385-398.

Entry, J. A., N.C. Vance, M.A. Hamilton, and D. Zabowski. In-situ remediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides. (1994), p.1055-1067. In-Situ Remediation: Scientific Basis for Current and Future Technologies: 33rd Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment, November 7-11, 1994, Pasco, WA.

Entry, J. and L. Watrud. Potential Remediation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 Contaminated Soil by Accumulation in Alamo Switchgrass. (1998), Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 104(3-4): 339-352.

Entry, J., L. Watrud and M. Reeves. Influence of Organic Amendments on the Accumulation of 137cs and 90sr from Contaminated Soil by Three Grass Species. (2001), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 126(3-4): 385-398.

Entry, J.A., and W.H. Emmingham. Influence of vegetation on microbial degradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in riparian soils. (1996), Can. J. Soil Sci. 76:101-106.

Entry, J.A., L.S. Watrud, R.S. Manasse, and N.C. Vance. Phytoremediation and reclamation of soils contaminated with radionuclides. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Entry, J.A., N.C. Vance, and L.S. Watrud. Selection of plants for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:108-AGRO.

Entry, J.A., N.C. Vance, M.A. Hamilton, D.Z. Zabowski, L.S. Watrud, and D.C. Adriano. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides. (1996), Water, Air, Soil, Pollut. 88:167-177.
Ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated with radionuclides by above ground nuclear testing, nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear power generation. Radioisotopes characteristic of nuclear fission, such as 137Cs and 90Sr, that are released into the environment can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain often becoming human health hazards. Natural environmental processes will redistribute long lived radionuclides that are released into the environment among soil, plants, and wildlife. Numerous studies have shown that 137Cs and 90Sr are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow. The top 0.04 meters of soil is where plant roots actively accumulate elements. Since plants are known to take up and accumulate 137Cs and 90Sr, removal of these radionuclides from contaminated soils by plants could provide a reliable and economical method of remediation. One approach is to use fast growing plants inoculated with micohrrhizal fungi combined with soil organic amendments to maximize the plant accumulation and removal of radionuclides from contaminated soils, followed by harvest of above-ground portion of the plants. High temperature combustion would be used to oxidize plant material concentrating 137Cs and 90Sr in ash for disposal. When areas of land have been contaminated with radionuclides are large, using energy intensive solutions to remediate huge volumes of soil is not feasible of economical. Plants are proposed as a viable and cost effective method to remove radionuclides from the soils that have been contaminated by nuclear testing and nuclear reactor incidents.

EPA, U. S. Phytoremediation Resourse Guide. (1999), U.S. EPA: 30.

EPA, U. S. Introduction to Phytoremediation. (2000). Cincinnati, OH, U.S. EPA: 104.

Epstein, A., C. Gussman, M. Blaylock, U. Yermiyahu, J. Huang, Y. Kapulnik and C. Orser. Edta and Pb-Edta Accumulation in Brassica Juncea Grown in Pb-Amended Soil. (1999), Plant & Soil 208(1): 87-94.

Epuri, V., and D.L. Sorensen. Benzo(a)pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl contaminated soil: Phytoremediation potential. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Erickson, L. Vegetative reclamation effects studied. (1998), HazTech. Great Plains/Rocky Mountain hazardous Substance Research Center. October 1998, 4-5.

Erickson, L.E. Trees, other plants clean and beautify contaminated sites. (1997), Centerpoint. 3(2):8.

Erickson, L.E., and L.C. Davis. Beneficial effects of vegetation in bioremediation of contaminated soil. (1996), In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Applied Microbiology, Pusan, South Korea.

Erickson, L.E., L.C. Davis, and N. Muralidharan. Bioenergetics and bioremediation of contaminated-soil. (1995), Thermochimica Acta. 250:353-358.

Erickson, L.E., L.C. Davis, S.K. Santharam, S.C. Kim, N. Muralidharan, and C.M. Rice. Biodegradation in the rhizosphere: Analysis of the beneficial effects of vegetation. (1994), 87th Annual Meeting, A WA14, June 19-24, 1994, Cincinnati, OH. Paper No. 94-WA86.04.

Erickson, L.E., M.K. Banks, L.C. Davis, A.P. Schwab, N. Muralidharan, K. Reilley, and J.C. Tracy. Using vegetation to enhance in situ bioremediation. (1994), Environ. Prog. 13:226-231.

Ernst, W. Sulfur Metabolism in Higher Plants: Potential for Phytoremediation. (1998), Biodegradation 9(3-4): 311-318.

Ernst, W. Evolution of Metal Hyperaccumulation and Phytoremediation Hype. (2000), New Phytol. 146(3): 357-358.

Ernst, W.H.O. Decontamination of mine sites by plants: An analysis of the efficiency. (1988), pp. 305-310. In Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Contamination. CEP Consultants,Ltd., Edinburgh, UK.

Ernst, W.H.O. Physiology of heavy metal resistance in plants. (1978), In Proceedings of International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, September 1978. CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, UK. 2:121-136.

Ernst, W.H.O. Availability of heavy metals and decontamination of soils by plants. (1996), Appl. Geochem. - J. Internat. 11:163.

Errampallie, D., J.T. Trevors., H. Lee, K. Leung, M. Cassidy, K. Knoke, T. Marwood, K. Shaw, M. Blears, and E. Chung. Bioremediation: A Perspective. (1997), Journal of Soil Contamination. 6(3):207-218.

Escarre, J., C. Lefebvre, W. Gruber, M. Leblanc, J. Lepart, Y. Riviere and B. Delay. Zinc and Cadmium Hyperaccumulation by Thlaspi Caerulescens from Metalliferous and Nonmetalliferous Sites in the Mediterranean Area: Implications for Phytoremediation. (2000), New Phytol. 145(3): 429-437.

Eun, S., H. Youn and Y. Lee. Lead Disturbs Microtubule Organization in the Root Meristem of Zea Mays. (2000), Physiol. Plant. 110(3): 357-365.

Fan, T., A. Lane, J. Pedler, D. Crowley, and R. Higashi. Comprehensive analysis of organic ligands in whole root exudates using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. (1997), Anal. Biochem. 251(1):57.

Fan, T.W.-M., and R.M. Higashi. Environmental considerations of phytoremediation. (1995), pp. 57-58. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Farago, M.E., A.J. Clark, and M.J. Pit. The chemistry of plants which accumulate metals. (1975), Chem. Rev. 16:1-8.

Farago, M.E., A.J. Clark, and M.J. Pitt. Plants which accumulate metals. I. The metal content of three Australian plants growing over mineralized sites. (1977), Inorg. Chem. Acta. 24:53-56.

Fargasova, A. Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapis alba seeds. (1994), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(3):452-457.

Fargo, Margaret E. Metal-Tolerant Plants. (1981), ChemTech. November 1981, 684-687.

Farrell, M. Purifying wastewater in greenhouses. (1996), BioCycle. 37:30-33.
Small mouth bass, snails, and daffodils are just three components of an unconventional method for purifying sewage and septage that is gaining acceptance in both Canada and America. The technology - trademarked as Solar Aquatics - was developed by inventor John Todd at his nonprofit research facility, Ocean Arks International in Falmouth, Massachusetts. It utilizes a combination of ecological and microbiological processes to treat wastewater in greenhouses. Rows of translucent tanks along with engineered streams and marshes host a variety of aquatic and nonaquatic plants, animals and organisms. Water is gravity fed by pipes through the various components in a specific sequence. In the process, contaminants and nutrients are metabolized or bound up as the wastewater flows through the tanks, ponds and marshes (see "Solar Aquatic Treatment," Biocycle, February 1988).

Federle, T.W., and B.S. Schwab. Mineralization of surfactants by microbiota of aquatic plants. (1989), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2092-2094.

Federov, Y.A., A.S. Bakurov, M.N. Fedorova, and M.F. Rasulev. Behavior of plutonium in the soil and its entry into plants. (1987), Sov. Soil. Sci. 19(1):46-51.

Feist, L. and D. Parker. Ecotypic Variation in Selenium Accumulation among Populations of Stanleya Pinnata. (2001), New Phytologist 149(1): 61-69.

Felix, H. Field trails for in-situ decontamination of heavy metal polluted soil using crops of metal-accumulating plants. (1997), Zeitschrift Pflanzenernahrung Bodenkunde. 160(5):525.

Fellows, R.J., S.D. Harvey, C.C. Ainsworth, and D.A. Cataldo. Biotic and abiotic transformation of munitions materials (TNT, RDX) by plants and soils. Potentials for attenuation and remediation of contaminants. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Felsot, A.S., and E.K. Dzantor. Potential of biostimulation to enhance dissipation of aged herbicide residues in land-farmed waste. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Fernandez, R., T. Whitwell, M. Riley and C. Bernard. Evaluating Semiaquatic Herbaceous Perennials for Use in Herbicide Phytoremediation. (1999), Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124(5): 539-544.

Ferro, A. Deep rooted poplars for the phytoremediation of groundwater impacted with petroleum hydrocarbons - Theory and applications. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18-19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ferro, A. M., J. Kennedy, R. Kjelgren, J. Rieder and S. Perrin. Toxicity Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Poplar Trees. (1999), Internat, J. Phytoremediation 1(1): 9-17.

Ferro, A. M., S. A. Rock, J. Kennedy, J. J. Herrick and D. L. Turner. Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Wood Preservatives: Greenhouse and Field Evaluations. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(3).

Ferro, A., B. Chard, M. Gefell, B. Thompson and R. Kjelgren. Phytoremediation of Organic Solvents in Groundwater: Pilot Study at a Superfund Site. (2000), Battelle International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds,, Monterey, CA, Battelle Press.

Ferro, A., J. Chard, R. Kjelgren, B. Chard, D. Turner and T. Montague. Groundwater Capture Using Hybrid Poplar Trees: Evaluation of a System in Ogden, Utah. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1): 87-104.

Ferro, A., J. Kennedy, S. Nelson, G. Jauregui, B. McFarland, W. Doucette, and B. Bugbee. Uptake and biodegradation of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in planted systems. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ferro, A., J. Kennedy, W. Doucette, S. Nelson, G. Jauregui, B. McFarland, and B. Bugbee. Fate of benzene in soils planted with alfalfa: Uptake, volatilization, and degradation. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Ferro, A.M. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol and creosote. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:103-AGRO.

Ferro, A.M. Biodegradation of phenanthrene and pentachlorophenol mediated by vegetation. (1993), M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.

Ferro, A.M., J. Kennedy, and D. Knight. Greenhouse-scale evaluation of phytoremediation for soils contaminated with wood preservatives. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:309-314.
Phytoremediation is the use of plants for the in situ cleanup of contaminated soils, sediments, and ground water. Evidence is accumulating that many types of organic chemical wastes biodegrade more rapidly in planted soils than in unplanted soils. A greenhouse-scale experiment evaluated phytoremediation for soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The following three treatment-types were included in the study: 1) nutrient-amended soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); 2) unplanted soil amended with nutrients; and 3) unplanted, unamended soil. Using conventional techniques for soil extraction and analysis, concentrations of PCP and 16 PAHs were determined at two-month intervals for eight months. Detailed results are presented for two analytes: PCP and pyrene. At the two-month sampling time, the concentrations of both analytes were significantly lower in the planted soil compared to the unplanted-amended soils. At 8 months, however, analyte concentrations were the same for the two treatments. Results obtained for other PAHs containing four aromatic rings were similar to those obtained for pyrene. However, for PAHs containing two, and those with five aromatic rings, the planted soil treatments showed only marginal increases in biodegradation compared to the unplanted-amended soils. These results suggested that rates of biodegradation for PCP and PAHs with four aromatic rings could be accelerated by the presence of plant roots. Final extents of removal are still being evaluated.

Ferro, A.M., J. Kennedy, and J. Herrick. Biodegradation of TNT in aerobic soil columns. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

Ferro, A.M., L. Stacishin, W.J. Doucette, and B. Bugbee. Abstract: Crested wheatgrass accelerates the degradation of pyrene in soil. (1994a), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, Volume I, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Ferro, A.M., R.C. Sims, and B. Bugbee. Hycrest crested wheatgrass accelerates the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil. (1994a), J. Environ. Qual. 23:272-279.
We investigated the effects of vegetation on the fate of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soil using a novel high-flow sealed test system. Pentachlorophenol has been widely used as a wood preservative, and this highly toxic biocide contaminates soil and ground water at many sites. Although plants are known to accelerate the rates of degradation of certain soil contaminants, this approach has not been thoroughly investigated for PCP. The fate of [14C]PCP, added to soil at a concentration of 100 mg/kg, was compared in three unplanted and three planted systems. The plant used was Hycrest, a perennial, drought-tolerant cultivar of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes]. The flow-through test system allowed us to maintain a budget for 14C-label as well as monitor mineralization (breakdown to 14CO2) and volatilization of the test compound in a 155-d trial. In the unplanted systems, an average of 88% of the total radiolabel remained in the soil and leachate and only 6% was mineralized. In the planted systems, 33% of the radiolabel remained in the soil plus leachate, 22% was mineralized, and 36% was associated with plant tissue (21% with the root fraction and 15% with shoots). Mineralization rates were 23.1 mg PCP mineralized kg-1 soil in 20 wk in the planted system, and for the unplanted system 6.6 mg PCP kg-1 soil for the same time period. Similar amounts of volatile organic material were generated in the two systems (1.5%). Results indicated that establishing crested wheatgrass on PCP-contaminated surface soils may accelerate the removal of the contaminant.

Ferro, A.M., S.A. Rock., J. Kennedy, and J.J. Herrick. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with wood preservatives: greenhouse and field evaluations. (1998), J. Soil Contamination, July 1998.

Fesenko, S.V., S. Spiridonov, N.I. Sanzharova, and R.M. Aleksakhin. Mathematical model of the biological availability of 137Cs in the soils of grassland ecosystems. (1997), Eurasian Soil Sci. 30(1):34.

Fesenko, S.V., S.I. Spiridonov, and R.M. Alexakhin. Dynamics of 137Cs availability in a soil-plant system in areas of the composition of radioactive fallout. (1997), J. Environ. Radioactivity. 34:287.

Field, J.A., and E.M. Thurman. Glutathione conjugation and contaminant transformation. (1996), Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(5):1413-1418.

Finley, M. 1997 Phytoremediation Study Final Report. (1999). Edgewood Md, US EPA REAC: 48.

Fitz, W. J. and W. W. Wenzel. Arsenic Transformations in the Soil-Rhizosphere-Plant System: Fundamentals and Potential Application to Phytoremediation. (2002), Journal OF Biotechnology 99(3): 259-278.

Flathman, P. and G. Lanza. Phytoremediation: Current Views on an Emerging Green Technology. (1998), J. Soil Contam. 7(4): 415-432.

Flathman, P.E. and G.R. Lanza. Phytoremediation: Current Views on an Emerging Green Technology. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 415-431.

Fletcher, J. Screening plant species for phytoremediation of organic pollutants - laboratory versus field data. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Fletcher, J. S. Metabolism of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Plants. (1996), American Chemical Society, Orlando, FL., ACS.

Fletcher, J.S. Keynote Speech: A brief overview of plant toxicity testing. (1991), pp. 5-11. In J.W. Gorsuch, W.R. Lower, M.A. Lewis, and W. Wang (eds.), Plants for Toxicity Assessment: Second Volume. ASTM STP 1115. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

Fletcher, J.S. Phytoremediation makes ecological and economical sense in site closures. (1997), The 4th International Petroleum Environmental Conference; Environmental Issues and Solutions in Exploration, Production, and Refining, September 9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX.

Fletcher, J.S. Summary of screening studies. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. A USEPA unpublished meeting summary.

Fletcher, J.S. and S.I. Shah. Long-term phytoremediation of organic soil pollutants. (1998), Tech Trends. EPA 542-N-98-005.

Fletcher, J.S., and R.S. Hegde. Release of phenols by perennial plant roots and their potential importance in bioremediation. (1995), Chemosphere. 31:3009-3016.
Seventeen different plant species grown in sand culture were screened for their ability to release phenolic compounds from their roots. The concentration of phenols known to support the growth of PCB-degrading bacteria (Donnelly et al. 1994). It was concluded that the concentration throughout the rhizosphere was below substrate levels, but for some plant species (i.e. mulberry) there was evidence that portions of the rhizosphere possessed levels of phenols sufficiently high enough to support microbial growth.

Fletcher, J.S., F.L. Johnson, and J.C. McFarlane. Database assessment of phytotoxicity data published on terrestrial vascular plants. (1988), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:615-622.

Fletcher, J.S., J.C. McFarlane, and F.L. Johnson. Influence of greenhouse versus field testing and taxonomic differences on plant sensitivity to chemical treatment. (1990), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:769-779.

Fletcher, J.S., P. Olson, and M.B. Leigh. Abstract: The role of phytoremediation in intrinsic bioremediation. (1997), In B.C. Alleman, and A. Leeson, (eds.), In Situ and On Site Bioremediation: Volume 2, Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28-May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. Battelle Press.

Fletcher, J.S., P.K. Donnelly, and R.S. Hegde. Plant assisted PCB degradation. (1995), pp. 42-43. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Fletcher, J.S., P.K. Donnelly, and R.S. Hegde. Bioremediation of PCBs by plant root/bacteria systems. (1995), In Platform Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Fletcher, J.S., P.K. Donnelly, and R.S. Hegde. Biostimulation of PCB-degrading bacteria by compounds released from plant roots. (1995), pp. 131-136. In R.E. Hinchee, D.B. Anderson, and R.E. Hoeppel (eds.), Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Organics. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Flocco, C. G., A. Lo Balbo, M. P. Carranza and A. M. Giulietti. Removal of Phenol by Alfalfa Plants (Medicago Sativa L.) Grown in Hydroponics and Its Effect on Some Physiological Parameters. (2002), Acta Biotechnologica 22(1-2): 43-54.

Flocco, C. G., A. Lobalbo, M. P. Carranza, M. Bassi, A. M. Giulietti and W. P. Mac Cormack. Some Physiological, Microbial, and Toxicological Aspects of the Removal of Phenanthrene by Hydroponic Cultures of Alfalfa. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(3).

Francesconi, K., P. Visoottiviseth, W. Sridokchan and W. Goessler. Arsenic Species in an Arsenic Hyperaccumulating Fern, Pityrogramma Calomelanos: A Potential Phytoremediator of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils. (2002), Science of The Total Environment 284(1-3): 27-35.

Frank, H., A. Vincon, J. Reiss and H. Scholl. Trichloroacetic Acid in the Foliage of Forest Trees. (1990), 13(November): 733-736.

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Spent motor oil was applied to soil to determine the effects on soil and plant growth. At oil rates of up to 31,111 liters/ha, peanuts (Arachis hypogeae L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans (Glycine max [L] Merrill), and corn (Zea mays L.) were successfully grown when amply fertilized, especially with nitrogen. Growth of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) and weeds was significantly reduced by high oil rates. Corn grown on recently oil-treated soil contained less nitrogen, and manganese, but the same phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and lead as plants grown on untreated soil. Previous oil application increased the manganese and zinc content of corn tissue. Increasing nitrogen application rates increased the growth of corn.

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Glass, D.J. Evaluating phytoremediation's potential share of the remediation market. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

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Goldsbrough, P., J. Zhou, J. Chen, and I. Kovari. Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: complementary mechanisms for metal tolerance?. (1995), pp. 15-16. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Goldsmith, W. Phytoremediation potential for lead-contaminated river sediments. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Goldsmith, W. Lead-Contaminated Sediments Prove Susceptible to Phytoremediation. (1998), Soil Groundwater Cleanup(Feb/Mar): 15-18.

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Gordon, M., N. Choe, J. Duffy, G. Ekuan, P. Heilman, I. Muiznieks, M. Ruszaj, B.B. Shurtleff, S. Strand, J. Wilmoth, and L.A. Newman. Phytoremediation of trichloroethylene with hybrid poplars. (1998), Environ. Health Perspectives. 106, Supp. 4:1001-1004.

Gordon, M.P. Phytoremediation of chlorinated solvents - poplars remove chlorinated solvents from soil in field trials. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Gordon, M.P., N. Choe, J. Duffy, G. Ekuan, P. Heilman, I. Muiznieks, L. Newman, M. Ruszaj, B.B. Shurtleff, S. Strand, and J. Wilmoth. Phytoremediation of trichloroethylene with hybrid poplars. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:100-AGRO.

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Guerinot, M.L. Characterization of new family of metal transporters: studies in the aid of genetically engineering the metal transport capabilities of plants. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

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The effects of growing ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons was studied in laboratory scale soil columns. Degradation of hydrocarbons as well as bacterial numbers, soil respiration rates and soil dehydrogenase activities were determined. In the rhizosphere soil system, aliphatic hydrocarbons disappeared faster than in unvegetated columns. Abiotic loss by evaporation was of minor significance. Elimination of pollutants was accompanied by an increase in microbial numbers and activities. The microbial plate counts and soil respiration rates were substantially higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. The results indicate that biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere is stimulated by plant roots.

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The plant rhizosphere has been hypothesized to generally increase the population numbers and activity of soil microorganisms that degrade various xenobiotic contaminants. However, the relative importance of increased C availability in the rhizosphere to microorganisms that directly metabolize xenobiotics as a C source for growth or that degrade xenobiotics through growth-linked metabolism and cometabolism is not well understood. We hypothesized that when a xenobiotic can be used directly as a growth substrate, the rhizosphere would have relatively little influence on the catabolizer population since the substrate provides an independent nutritional niche. However, increased C levels in the rhizosphere might enhance the numbers of microorganisms that degrade the xenobiotic through cometabolism or metabolism that is linked to growth on other substrates. To further examine this hypothesis, experiments were conducted with soil containing indigneous microorganisms capable of degrading the model compound 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). The results showed degradation of 3-CB in 1:1 soil/water slurries from ryegrass rhizosphere soil that had not been previously exposed to 3-CB had a faster initial rate of 3-CB degradation than nonrhizosphere soil. This rhizosphere effect could be simulated in nonrhizosphere soil using glucose, mannitol, or benzoate. A long-term experiment further showed that the population size of microorganisms that degraded 3-CB in the absence of supplemental C (catabolizers), and those that degraded 3-CB in the presence of supplemental C, for example, via growth-linked metabolism or cometabolism, were enriched by 40- and 259-fold, respectively, in rhizosphere soil. In contrast, planted and nonplanted microcosms that were repeatedly exposed to 3-CB over 24 wk were similarly enriched for 3-CB degraders, which ha a MPN of 4 X 108 g-1 soil. Our results suggest that under conditions where there is not constant exposure of the microbial population to 3-CB d as a C source, C provided by rhizodeposition may primarily enhance the population numbers of microorganisms that degrade 3-CB by cometabolic or growth-linked metabolism, and thereby promote rapid depletion of 3-CB from soil during short term or low level exposure to the xenobiotic.

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Haider, K., O. Heinemeyer, and A.R. Mosier. Effects of growing plants on humus and plant residue decomposition in soil; uptake of decomposition products by plants. (1989), Sci. Total Environ. 81/82:661-670.

Haidouti, C., A. Chronopoulou, and J. Chronopoulou. Effects of fluoride emissions from industry on the fluoride concentration of soils and vegetables. (1993), Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21(2):195-208.

Hall, S. and N. Watt. The Potential of Phytoextraction to Remediate Caesium-137 Contaminated Ground on Nuclear Licensed Sites. (2002), Nuclear Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Nuclear Engineers 43(1): 27-31.

Hamada, H., R. Tomi, Y. Asada and T. Furuya. Phytoremediation of Bisphenol a by Cultured Suspension Cells of Eucalyptus Perriniana-Regioselective Hydroxylation and Glycosylation. (2002), Tetrahedron Letters 43(22): 4087-4089.

Hamilton, M.A., and R.D. Rogers. Heavy metal uptake by canola: It's potential in phytoremediatio. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Handel, S.N., G.R. Robinson, W.F.J. Parsons, and J.H. Mattei. Restoration of woody plants to capped landfills: root dynamics in an engineered soil. (1997), Restoration Ecology. 5(1)178-186.

Hani, H. Soil analysis as a tool to predict effects on the environmental community. (1996), Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 27:289-306.

Hanks, J., and J.T. Ritchie (eds). Modeling plant and soil systems. (1991), Am. Soc. Agron. Agronomy Series, Number 31. Madison, WI.

Hannink, N. K., S. J. Rosser and N. C. Bruce. Phytoremediation of Explosives. (2002), Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 21(5): 511-538.

Hannink, N., S. J. F. Rosser, C.E., A. Basran, J. Murray, S. Nicklin and N. C. Bruce. Phytodetoxification of Tnt by Transgenic Plants Expressing a Bacterial Nitroreductase. (2001), Nature Biotechnology 19(12): 1168-1172.

Hansen, D., P.J. Duda, A. Zayed, and N. Terry. Selenium removal by constructed wetlands: role of biological volatilization. (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:591-597.

Harmens, H., P.L.M. Koevoets, J.A.C.S. Verkleij, and W.H.O. Ernst. The role of low molecular weight organic acids in the mechanism of increased zinc tolerance in Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. (1994), New Phytol. 126:615-621.

Haroski, D. M., S. R. Hirsh, J. G. Wrobel and H. R. Compton. Estimating Hybrid Poplar Groundwater Removal Rates,. (2000), Battelle International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds,. G. e. a. Wickramanayake. Monterey, CA, Battelle Press. 2.

Hart, J.B., Jr. and P.V. Nguyen. Soil, groundwater, and plant resources in sludge-treated bigtooth aspen sapling ecosystems. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23:1257-1264.

Harvey, G. How to evaluate efficacy and cost at the field scale. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Harvey, G. and S. Pradhan. Relationship between Contaminant Loss and Toxicity During Phytoremediation Using Solid-Phase Microtox Trests. (1998), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61(4): 419-425.

Harvey, P., B. Campanella, P. Castro, H. Harms, E. Lichtfouse, A. Schaffner, S. Smrcek and D. Werck-Reichhart. Phytoremediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Anilines and Phenols. (2002), Environ Sci & Poll Res 9(1): 1-94.

Harvey, S. D., R. J. Fellows, D. A. Cataldo and R. M. Bean. Fate of the Explosive Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5 Triazine (Rdx) in Soil and Bioaccumulation in Bush Bean Hydroponic Plants. (1991), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10: 845-855.

Hasnain, S., S. Yasmin, and A. Yasmin. The effects of lead-resistant pseudomonads on the growth of Triticum aestivum seedlings under lead stress. (1993), Environ. Pollut. 81(2):179-185.

Hassink, J. and C. Schafers. Experimental simulation of pesticide loading in a stream mesocosm. (1996), Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases, 1996.

Hatzios, K.K., S.A. Meredith, V.K. Stromberg, and G.H. Lacy. Enhanced degradation of carbamothioate herbicides in history soils. (1989), p. 143-154. Pesticides in Terrestrial & Aquatic Environments National Conference, May 11-12, 1989, Blacksburg, VA. Polytechnic Institute/et. al.

Hauser, V.L. Abstract: Natural covers for buried wastes. (1997), Presentation 74. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Rainfall can leach soluble pollutants to ground water from wastes buried in the vadose zone; therefore, covers are required to keep the wastes dry. We currently use covers designed to resist natural forces and to stop the downward flow of liquid water. These covers are expensive, usually leak some precipitation into the waste, and tend to lose their effectiveness over time. Natural covers have been little used to cover wastes although the underlying principles have been known for at least 70 years; the literature is voluminous and contained in journals that preceded modern environmental remediation efforts. We call our version of a natural cover the Evapotranspiration (ET) Cover. The ET Cover contains no compacted clay or synthetic barrier layer, but instead uses natural processes which (1) store infiltrating rainfall in the soil profile and (2) remove water from the soil through the growth of native grass on the cover soil. Depending on the design, it can limit or prevent infiltration of precipitation into the covered waste. The ET Cover is inexpensive, practical, and easily maintained; it is a self-renewing, biological system. It will remain effective over extended periods of time--perhaps centuries--at low cost. A recently designed ET Cover for remediation of a 41-acre landfill in the Great Plains is expected to save about 10 million dollars in construction costs alone. We discuss pertinent literature, scientific principles, and engineering tools that we have assembled to design ET Covers.

Hauser, V.L. Shaw, M.A., Weand, B.L. Effectiveness of Soil-Vegetative Covers for Waste Sites. (1994), Proceedings, Superfund XV Conference.

Hauser, V.L., and M.A. Shaw. Water movement through soil-vegetative landfill covers. (1994), ASAE Paper NO. 942176, Presented at the 1994 International Summer Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, MO.

Hauser, V.L., M.A. Shaw, and B.L. Weand. A Natural Cover for Buried Waste. (1995), 21st Environmental Symposium and Exhibition, April 18-23, 1995, San Diego, CA. American Defense Preparedness Association.

Haycock, N.E., and G. Pinnay. Groundwater nitrate dynamics in grass and poplar vegetated riparian buffer strips during the winter. (1993), J. Environ. Qual. 22:273-278.
Nitrate retention in riparian buffer strips is well documented in summer periods, but the potential of winter retention within these zones is poorly documented. Two sites, grass (Lolium perenne L.), and poplar (Populus italica)- vegetated riparian strips, were investigated in southern England (River Leach). Groundwater flow was via subsurface pathways within the sites, NO3- concentration gradients and loading rates were calculated over the winter period. Nitrate retention was found to be linearly dependent on load rate. Nitrate retention occurred at the edge of the riparian zone. This was most obvious in the poplar site where all hillslope-derived NO3- was absorbed within the first 5 m of flow within the riparian strip. When loading rates into the sites increased, NO3- absorption migrated upslope from the riparian site. The poplar-vegetated riparian zone was found to be more resilient (99% retention of NO3-) than the grass-vegetated riparian zone (84% retention of NO3-) in the winter months. It is postulated that although vegetation has no active role in retaining NO3- in the winter, above-ground vegetative biomass does contribute C to the soil microbacterial biomass that is engaged in NO3- reduction in the winter months, this accounted for the greater efficiency of the poplar vegetated site.

He, B., X. Yang, W. Ni, Y. Wei, X. Long and Z. Ye. Sedum Alfredii: A New Lead-Accumulating Ecotype. (2002), Acta Bot Sin 44(11): 1365-1370.

He, Y., S. Burckhard, A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. Abstract: Adsorption of heavy metals on rhizosphere soil. (1994), p. 322. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Heaton, A.C.P. Analysis of growth media effects upon plant-assisted mercury volatilization. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Heaton, A.C.P., C.L. Rugh, N. Wang, and R.B. Meagher. Phytoremediation of mercury - and methylmercury - polluted soils using genetically engineered plants. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 497-510.

Heaton, A.C.P., C.L. Rugh, R.B. Meagher, and B.L. Haines. Assessing the ability of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Plants to Remediate Soils Contaminated with Mercury. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Hegde, R.S., and J.S. Fletcher. Influence of plant growth stage and season on the release of root phenolics by mulberry as related to development of phytoremediation technology. (1996), Chemosphere. 32:2471-2479.
The phenolics released by red mulberry (Morus rubra L.) roots at different growth stages within a season were quantified and the makeup of phenols analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The data show that total phenols released into the soil solution increased continuously from an early vegetative stage to leaf senescence, indicating their accumulation in the rhizosphere. From the RP-HPLC analysis of the butanol-extractable phenolics at various growth stages, there appears to be a massive release of an assortment of less polar phenolics into the rhizosphere at the end of the season accompanying leaf senescence. The rhizosphere phenolics may create an environment suitable for the biodegradation of recalcitrant environmental pollutants, by selectively fostering the growth of some, while inhibiting the growth of other microbes.

Heidenreich, B., H. Seidlitz, D. Ernst and H. SandermannJr. Mercuric-Ion-Induced Gene Expression Inarabidopsis Thaliana. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(2).

Heilman, P. Sustaining production: Nutrient dynamics and soils. pp. 216-226. In Ecophysiology of short rotation forest cover crops.

Heinonsalo, J., K. Jorgensen, K. Haahtela and R. Sen. Effects of Pinus Sylvestris Root Growth and Mycorrhizosphere Development on Bacterial Carbon Source Utilization and Hydrocarbon Oxidation in Forest and Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. (2000), Can. J. Microbiol. 46(5): 451-464.

Herring, R., and C.L. Bering. Effects of phthalate esters on plant seedlings and reversal by a soil microorganism. (1988), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40:626-632.

Hetlands, M. D., J. R. Gallagher, D. J. Daly, D. J. Hassett and L. V. Heebink. Processing of Plants Used to Phytoremediate Lead-Contaminated Sites. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 129-136.

Hetrick, B.A.D., G.W.T. Wilson, and D. Hoobler. The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishment of vegetation in heavy metal mine spoil. (1994), Environ. Pollut.

Hetrick, B.A.D., G.W.T. Wilson, and D.A.H. Figge. Effects of mycorrhizae and fertilizer amendments on revegetation of heavy metal mine spoil. (1993), pp. 366-384. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Hetrick, B.A.D., G.W.T. Wilson, and K.G. Shetty. Mycorrhizal mediated revegetation of flue gas desulfurization sludge and heavy metal contaminated mine spoils. (1995), pp. 53-54. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Hildebrand, E.E. The heterogeneous distribution of mobile ions in the rhizosphere of acid forest soils: facts, causes and consequences. (1994), J. Environ. Sci. Health-Environ. Sci. Eng. A29(9):1973-1993.

Hill, K. A., L. L.W. and B. A. Ahner. Reduced Cd Accumulation in Zea Mays: A Protective Role for Phytosiderdphores?. (2002), Environ Sci TEchnol 36(24): 5363-5368.

Hillman, J. Scientific and Market Opportunities for Agriculture. Will the Potential Be Realised in the Uk?. (2000), J SCI FOOD AGR 80(14): 2081-2088.

Hinchman, R., and C. Negri. Phytoremediation becoming quite "Poplar". (1997), Haz. Waste Consult. 15(3):1.16.

Hinchman, R.R. Providing the baseline science and data for real-life phytoremediation applications - Partnering for success. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Hinchman, R.R., and M.C. Negri. Poster Abstract: Biotreatment of produced water using green plants. (1995), p. 122. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Hinchman, R.R., and M.C. Negri. Biotreatment of produced water using green plants. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Hinchman, R.R., and M.C. Negri. The grass can be cleaner on the other side of the fence. (1994), Logos. 12(2):8-12.

Hirsch, P.R., M.J. Jones, S.P. McGrath, and K.E. Giller. Heavy metal from past applications of sewage sludge decrease the genetic diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii populations. (1993), Soil Biol. Biochem. 25:1485-90.

Hirschi, K., V. Korenkov, N. Wilganowski and G. Wagner. Expression of Arabidopsis Cax2 in Tobacco. Altered Metal Accumulation and Increased Manganese Tolerance. (2000), Plant Physiol. 124(1): 125-133.

Hoagland, R.E., R.M. Zablotowicz, and M.A. Locke. Propanil metabolism by rhizosphere microflora. (1994), pp. 160-183. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Hoagland, R.E., R.M. Zablotowicz, and M.A. Locke. An integrated phytoremediation strategy for chloroacetamides in soil. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:89-AGRO.

Hoagland, R.E., R.M. Zablotowicz, and M.A. Locke. An integrated phytoremediation strategy for chloroacetamide herbicides in soil. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Hobbs, R.J., and B. Streit. Heavy metal concentrations in plants growing on a copper mine spoil in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. (1986), Am. Midl. Nat. 115(2):277-281.

Hodge, A., E. Paterson, S.J. Grayston, C.D. Campbell, B.G. Ord, and K. Killham. Characterisation and microbial utilisation of exudate material from the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne grown under CO2 enrichment. (1998), Soil Biol. Biochem. 30(8/9):1033-1043.

Hoffer, P.H., and R.N. Reese. Poster Abstract: Determination of cadmium transport in the phloem of cadmium laced cultivars of oats, Avena sativa. (1995), p. 75. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Hoffman, R.M., L.C. Davis, T.L. Marshall, L.E. Erickson, R.M. Hammaker, and W.G. Fateley. Abstract: Using open/long path fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry to monitor bioremediation and transpiration of alfalfa plants. (1995), p. 220. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Hoffman, R.M., V.P. Visser, L.C. Davis, L.E. Erickson, N. Muralidharan, R.M. Hammaker, and W.G. Fateley. Monitoring plant bioremediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using open path fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. (1994), pp. 108-116. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Hogberg, P., and P. Jensen. Aluminum and uptake of base cations by tree roots: A critique of the model proposed by Sverdrup et al. (1994), Water Air Soil Pollut. 75:121-126.

Homer, F.A., R.D. Reeves, R.R. Brooks, and A.J.M. Baker. Characterization of the nickel-rich extract from the nickel hyperaccumulator Dichapetalum gelonioides. (1991), Phytochem. 30:2141-2145.

Homer, F.A., R.S. Morrison, R.R. Brooks, J. Clemens, and R.D. Reeves. Comparative studies of nickel, cobalt, and copper uptake by some nickel hyperaccumulators of the genus Alyssum. (1991), Plant Soil. 138:196-205.

Hong, M. S., W. F. Farmayan, I. J. Dortch, C. Y. Chiang, S. K. McMillan and J. L. Schnoor. Phytoremediation of Mtbe from a Groundwater Plume. (2001), Environ. Sci. Technol. 35(6): 1231-1239.

Hooker, B. and R. Skeen. Transgenic Phytoremediation Blasts onto the Scene. (1999), Nat. Biotechnol. 17(5): 428-428.

Horst, G.L. Lead phytoextraction with mustard and corn. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Hosler, K.R. How to establish the optimum allocation of soil sampling resources in a phytoremediation field study. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Hou, F. S. L., M. W. Milke, D. W. M. Leung and D. J. MacPherson. Variations in Phytoremediation Performance with Diesel-Contaminated Soil. (2001), Envionmental Technology 22(2): 215-222.

Hou, F., D. Leung, M. Milke and D. MacPherson. Improvement in Ryegrass Seed Germination for Diesel Contaminated Soils by Peg Treatment Technology. (1999), Environmental Technology 20(4): 413-418.

Hoylman, A.M., and B.T. Walton. Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plant-soil systems: Plant response to a chemical stress in the root zone. (1994), ORNL/TM-12650. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.

Hoyos, M.E., C.M. Stanley, S.Y. He, S. Pike, and A. Novacky. Poster Abstract: A quest for the binding site of bacterial HR elicitor, HarpinPss. (1995), p. 84. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Hrncir, D.C., P.L. Ferguson, M. Lin, M.E. Nelson, A.M. Augustus, and S.K. Nair. Phytoremediation of aqueous cyanide wastes. (1996), pp. 505-506. In Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VIII, 1996 Extended Abstracts for the Special Symposium, Birmingham, Alabama, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society, September 9-11, 1996.

HRSC. Aquatic plant lagoon systems for explosives remediation. (1997), Research Brief #14. Hazardous Substance Research Center, South & Southwest

HSRC. Phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated soils: Integrated laboratory and field studies. (1996), Research Brief #13. Hazardous Substance Research Center, South & Southwest

Hsu, F.C., R.L. Marxmiller, and A.Y.S. Yang. Study of root uptake and xylem translocation of cinmethylin and related compounds in detopped soybeans using a pressure chamber technique. (1990), Plant Physiol. 93:1573-1578.

Hsu, S.M., J.L. Schnoor, L.A. Licht, M.A. St. Clair, and S.A. Fannin. Fate and transport of organic compounds in municipal solid waste compost. (1993), Compost Science and Utilization. 1: 2, 36-48.

Hsu, T.S., and R. Bartha. Accelerated mineralization of two organophosphate insecticides in the rhizosphere. (1979), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:36-41.

Hu¨bner, T. M., S. Tischer, H. Tanneberg and P. Kuschk. Influence of Phenol and Phenanthrene on the Growth Ofphalaris Arundinaceaandphragmites Australis. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Huang, J.W. Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils: Role of synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(3):800.

Huang, J.W., and S.D. Cunningham. Lead phytoextraction: Species variation in lead uptake and translocation. (1996), New Phytol. 134:75.

Huang, J.W., and S.D. Cunningham. Poster Abstract: Phytoextraction of Pb from contaminated soils: physiological and cellular aspects of Pb transport in plants. (1995), p. 82. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Huang, J.W., E. Lee, J.F. Shimp, L.C. Davis, L.E. Erickson, and J.C. Tracy. Effect of plants and trees on the fate, transport and biodegradation of contaminants in the soil and ground water. (1991), p. 167-176. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

Huang, J.W., J. Chen, and S.D. Cunningham. Phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soils. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Huang, J.W., J. Chen, W.R. Berti, and S.D. Cunningham. Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils: Role of synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:800-805.

Huang, J.W., M.J. Blaylock, Y. Kapulnik, and B.D. Ensley. Phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils: role of organic acids in triggering uranium hyperaccumulation in plants. (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(13):2004-2008.

Huang, J.W., M.J. Bloylock, Y. Kapulnik, and B.D. Ensley. Phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils: Role of organic acids in triggering uranium hyperaccumulation in plants. (1998), Environmental Science and Technology, 32:13, 2004-2008.

Huang, J.W., S.D. Cunningham, and S.J. Germani. Plant based soil remediation: Preliminary study of Pb phytoextraction from Pb-contaminated soils. Inst. Nat. de la Recherche Argon., DuPont Central Research.

Huang, T., Y. Shan, M. Kupferle, Q. Zhou, and H. Zhu. Extracting PAHs from soils using a simple, effective, low cost shaking method. (1996), Treatment and Destruction Branch, EPA. February 14, 1996.

Hue, N.V., and S.A. Ranjith. Sewage sludges in Hawaii: Chemical composition and reactions with soils and plants. (1994), Water Air Soil Pollut. 72:265-283.

Huel-Yang, D.K., W.L. Anderson, R.M. Concrief, G.D. Rayson, and P. J. Jackson. Luminescence studies of metal ion-binding sites on Datura innoxia biornaterial. (1994), Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:586-591.

Hughes, J.B., J. Shanks, M. Vanderford, J. Lauritzen, and R. Bhadra. Transformation of TNT by aquatic plants and plant tissue cultures. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:266-271.
The ability of plants to uptake and transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated using the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum, axenic Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Cartharanthus roseus hairy root cultures. Studies demonstrate that Myriophyllum, with or without its periphyton, and C. roseus transform TNT. Low concentrations of aminated nitrotoluenes (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene) were observed in the extracellular medium and tissue extracts. Primary products of transformation were not identified, and mineralization was not observed. Mass balances demonstrate that a large percentage of the unknown TNT transformation products were associated with the plant. This fraction could be at least partially recovered from the plant tissue with methanol extraction. A soluble fraction was also present in the medium. The absence of periphyton ad little impact on the results observed. Medium concentrations of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were greater in systems in which the periphyton was not removed. For the first time, the intrinsic ability of plants to transform TNT has been confirmed. The formation of soluble, uncharacterized transformation products is a concern for potential phytoremediation applications.

Hulster, A. Soil-Plant Transfer of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans to Vegetables of the Cucumber Family. (1994), Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(6): 1110-1115.

Hutchinson, J., S. Young, S. McGrath, H. West, C. Black and A. Baker. Determining Uptake of 'Non-Labile' Soil Cadmium by Thlaspi Caerulescens Using Isotopic Dilution Techniques. (2000), New Phytol. 146(3): 453-460.

Hutchinson, S. L., A. P. Schwab and M. K. Banks. Phytoremediation of Aged Petroleum Sludge: Effect of Irragation Techniques and Scheduling. (2001), J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1516-1522.

Ichihashi, H., H. Morita, and R. Tatsukawa. Rare earth elements (REEs) in naturally grown plants in relation to their variation in soils. (1992), Environ. Pollut. 76(2):157-162.

Institute for Land Rehabilitation. Selection, propagation, and field establishment of native plant species on disturbed arid lands. (1979), Bull. 500. Utah Agric. Exp. Stn., Logan, UT.

Interdisciplinary Plant Group. Will plants have a role in bioremediation?. (1995), Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, 1995, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology, April 19-22, 1995, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO.

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Izosimova, A. amd I. Alekseev. Competition of the plants for the reducing of heavy metals uptake by crops on contaminated lands. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

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Jackson, L. Why choose phytoremediation - Looking through the eyes of the customer. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Jackson, M.B. and P.A. Attwood. Root of willow (Salix viminalis L.) show marked tolerance to oxygen shortage in flooded soils and in solution culture. (1996), Plant and Soils 187: 37-45 .

Jackson, P.J. Abstract: Luminescence studies of radionuclide and heavy metal binding to plant cells. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Jacobs, L.W., G.A. O'Connor, M.R. Overcash, M.J. Zabek, and P. Rygwiecz. Effect of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil plant systems and assessing their risk to humans. (1987), pp. 101-143. In A.L. Page et al. (eds.), Land application of sludge. Lewis Publ., Chelsea, MI.

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Jalajas, E.W.P. First phytoremediation project in New Hampshire. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Jamal, A., N. Aub, M. Usman and A. Khan. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Zinc and Nickel Uptake from Contaminated Soil by Soybean and Lentil. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(3).

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Jarvis, M. D. and D. Leung. Chelated Lead Transport in Pinus Radiata: An Ultrastructural Study. (2002), Environ. & Experimental Bot. 48(1): 21-32.

Jauert, P., T. E. Schumacher, A. Boe and R. N. Reese. Rhizosphere Acidification and Cadmium Uptake by Strawberry Clover. (2002), J. Environ. Qual. 31(2): 627-633.

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Jennings, E.M., K. Duncan, E. Levetin, P. Buck, K. Sublette, K. Lawlor, and J.B. Fisher. Toxicity and botanical effects on crude oil contamination: Three years post-bioremediation. (1997), The 4th International Petroleum Environmental Conference; Environmental Issues and Solutions in Exploration, Production, and Refining, September 9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX.

Jensen, IV, I.J., and H.R. Haise. Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation. (1963), J. Irrig. Drain Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 1:5-41.

Jin, G., T. Kelley, M. Freeman and M. Callahan. Removal of N, P, Bod5, and Coliform in Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland Systems. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(2).

Joner, E. J. J., A. Rhizosphere Effects on Microbial Community Structure and Dissipation and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Spiked Soil. (2001), Envrion. Sci & Technol. 35(13): 2773-2777.

Jonnalagadda, S.B., and G. Nenzou. Studies on arsenic rich mine dumps. II. The heavy element uptake by vegetation. (1997), J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A. A32:455-464.

Jordahl, J.L., L. Foster, J.L. Schnoor, P.J.J. Alvarez. Effect of hybrid poplar trees on microbial populations important to hazardous waste bioremediation. (1997), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(6):1318-1321.

Jordahl, J.L., L.A. Licht, and J.L. Schnoor. Poster Abstract: Riparian poplar tree buffer impact on agricultural non-point source pollution. (1995), p. 238. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

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Jorgensen, S.E., and B. Halling-Sorenson. Abstract: Removal of heavy metals from compost and soils by ecotechnological methods. (1995), pp. 37-38. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

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Kadlec, R.H., and R.L. Knight. Treatment Wetlands. (1996), Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, FL.

Kahalley, J.M., G.C. Cannon, and C.L. McCormick. Poster Abstract: Expression and characterization of recombinant apolipophorin-III from Manduca sexta. (1995), p. 106. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Kambhampati, M. S. and D. Johnson. Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soils Using Zea Mays. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 151-156.

Kamnev, A. and D. van der Lelie. Chemical and Biological Parameters as Tools to Evaluate and Improve Heavy Metal Phytoremediation. (2000), Biosci. Rep. 20(4): 239-258.

Kanugo, P.K., T.K. Adhya, and V. Rajaramamohan Rao. Influence of repeated application of carbofuran on nitrogenase activity and nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with rhizosphere of tropical rice. (1995), Chemosphere. 31(5):3249-3258.

Kapulnik, Y. Abstract: Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals and radionuclides from aqueous streams. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Karenlampi, S., H. Schat, J. Vangronsveld, J. Verkleij, D. van der Lelie, M. Mergeay and A. Tervahauta. Genetic Engineering in the Improvement of Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal Polluted Soils. (2000), Environ. Pollut. 107(2): 225-231.

Karlson, U., and J.S. Uotila. Poster Abstract: Delivery of bacterial inoculants for in situ soil bioreclamation using plant roots. (1995), p. 116. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Karr, D.B., and D.W. Emerich. Poster Abstract: NH2 - Terminal amino acid sequence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum isocitrate dehydrogenase shares homology with its soybean plant host. (1995), p. 70. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Kartosentono, S., A. Nuraida, G. Indrayanto and N. C. Zaini. Phytoremediation of Sr2+ and Its Influence on the Growth, Ca2+ and Solasodine Content of Shoot Cultures of Solanum Laciniatum. (2001), Biotechnology Letters 23(2): 153-155.

Katul, G., P. Todd, D. Pataki, Z.J. Kabala, and R. Oren. Soil water depletion by oak trees and the influence of root water uptake on the moisture content spatial statistics. (1997), Water Resour. Res. 33(4):611-623.

Kayser, A., T. Schro¨der, A. Gru¨nwald and R. Schulin. Solubilization and Plant Uptake of Zinc and Cadmium from Soils Treated with Elemental Sulfur. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(4).

Keller, J., K. Rathbone, M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Effect of soil depth and root surface area on the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (1997), Presentation 45. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Biological degradation of organic contaminants in soil can be enhanced through the presence of vegetation. Many studies have investigated the potential of various plant species to enhance the mineralization of many different organic contaminants. The majority of studies, however, have neglected two potentially important parameters in the investigation of plant-based bioremediation: the effect of plant root morphology on degradation and the potential for differing rates of degradation as a function of soil depth.Using a deep-rooting grass over 21 weeks in two-foot columns of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diesel fuel, quantitative analysis will investigate root depth parameters. Plants will be removed from the soil at three different takedown times and analyzed for root surface area and total root length using digital scanner technology. The remaining soil column will be subdivided into three levels and analyzed for contaminant concentration. The data from this research will provide two types of information. First, by quantifying root morphology and correlating it with contaminant dissipation, a more informed choice can be made when selecting vegetation types for future bioremediation projects. Second, with degradation data presented as a function of depth over time, a multidimensional view of plant-enhanced biodegradation can be incorporated into existing mathematical models.

Kelley, C., A. Curtis, J. Uno and C. Berman. Spectroscopic Studies of the Interaction of Eu(Iii) with the Roots of Water Hyacinth. (2000), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 119(1): 171-176.

Kelley, S. L., W. Aitchison Eric, M. Deshpande, J. L. Schnoor and P. J. J. Alvarez. Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane in Planted and Unplanted Soil: Effect of Bioaugmentation with Amycolata Sp. Cb1190. (2001), Water Research 35(16): 3791-3800.

Kelley, S.L., P.J.J. Alvarez, E.W. Aitchison, and J.L. Schnoor. Abstract: Bioaugmentation with actinomycetes Cb1190 to enhance phytoremediation of 1.4-dioxane. Poster 48. (1997), In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.

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Kelly, R.J. and T.F. Guerin. The potential for using plants as an innovative approach to soil decontamination. (1994), 2nd national Hazardous and Solid Waste Convention and Trade Exhibition - Waste management Achievements and Challenges. AWWA, Melbourne, 1994, 591-598.

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Volatilization of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from soil and resorption on foliage represents a significant route of contamination. Some studies indicate low level uptake, translocation from roots to foliage and transpiration from foliage, while one shows more than 95% of 2,3,7,8-TCDD associated with edible fruits and with tubers is found in peels. Differences in bioavailability from different soils might account for some inconsistencies between existing studies, suggesting additional information useful in reporting future work.

Khan, A. G. Relationships between Chromium Biomagnification Ratio, Accumulation Factor, and Mycorrhizae in Plants Growing on Tannery Effluent-Polluted Soil. (2001), Envionment International 26(5-6): 417-423.

Khan, A., C. Kuek, T. Chaudhry, C. Khoo and W. Hayes. Role of Plants, Mycorrhizae and Phytochelators in Heavy Metal Contaminated Land Remediation. (2000), Chemosphere 41(1-2): 197-207.

Khan, M., I. Ungar and A. Showalter. Effects of Sodium Chloride Treatments on Growth and Ion Accumulation of the Halophyte Haloxylon Recurvum. (2000), COMMUN SOIL SCI PLANT ANAL 31(17-18): 2763-2774.

Khire, M., C. Benson, and P. Bosscher. Water balance of two earthen landfill caps in a semi-arid climate. (1997), In Proceedings of International Containment Technology Conference and Exhibition, February, 1997, St. Petersburg, FL.

Khire, M.V., and C.H. Benson. Factors affecting the performance of capillary barriers in arid and semi-arid regions. (1996), In Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Madison Waste Conference, Sept. 25-26, 1996, Madison, WI.

Khire, M.V., C.H. Benson, and P. Bosscher. Water balance modeling of final covers at humid and semi-arid sites. (1997), J. Geotechnical Geoenviron. Eng. August.

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Khire, M.V., J.S. Meerdink, C.H. Benson, and P.J. Bosscher. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water balance predictions for earthen landfill final covers. (1997), pp. 38-57. ASCE National Convention on Soil Suction Applications in Geotechnical Engineering Practice, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 48.

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Kinraide, T.B. Poster Abstract: Improved prediction and interpretation of mineral rhizotoxicity by the use of a Gouy-Chapman-Stern model for the estimation of cell-surface ion activities. (1995), p. 127. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

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Kirkham, M. B. Edta-Facilitated Phytoremediation of Soil with Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Kirschner, E.M. Botanical plants prove useful in cleaning up industrial sites. (1995), Chem. Eng. News. 73(50):22.

Klassen, S., J. McLean, P. Grossl and R. Sims. Fate and Behavior of Lead in Soils Planted with Metal-Resistant Species (River Birch and Smallwing Sedge). (2000), Journal of Environmental Quality 29(6): 1826-1834.

Klavins, M, A. Briede, and V. Rodinov. Metal bioaccumulation in inland waters of Latvia. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Kling, J. Phytoremediation of organics moving rapidly into field trials. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:129a.

Klockenbrink, M. Small Towns Build Artificial Wetlands to Treat Sewage. (1998), The New York Times, Tuesday November 29, 1988, C4.

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Knight, S. L. Constructing Specialized Plant Growth Chambers for Gas-Exchange Research: Consideration and Concerns. (1992), HortScience 27(7): 767-769.

Koc, H., S. Shojaee, and W.F. Mueller. Poster abstract: Biodegradation of 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) by datura and lycoperisicon plants. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Kochetkov, V.V., V.V. Balakshina, and A.M. Boronin. Plasmids encoding naphthalene biodegradation in rhizosphere bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. (1997), Microbiology. 66:173.

Kochian, L. Phytoremediation of radionuclide contaminated soils - Novel data on field, greenhouse and laboratory studies. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Kochian, L. Mechanisms of heavy metal transport across plant cell membranes. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Kochian, L.V. Mechanisms of micronutrient uptake and translocation in plants, micronutrients in agriculture. (1991), Soil Science Soc. of Amer., Madison, WI. pp. 229-295.

Kochian, L.V. Phytoremediation of metal polluted soils: from the laboratory to the field. (1995), pp. 35-36. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Koehler, H., J. Warrelmann, T. Frische, P. Behrend and U. Walter. In-Situ Phytoremediation of Tnt-Contaminated Soil. (2002), Acta Biotechnologica 22(1-2): 67-80.

Koehler, H., T. Frische, I. Dobner, P. Behrend, M. Schaefer, H. Taubner, B. Jastorff, J. Warrelmann and U. Walter. Testing and Monitoring the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Explosives (Series). Part Ii: Results of a Field Experiment. (2001), Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 13(5): 291-300.

Koganov, M.M., and D.B. Dawson. Bioremediation system based on FST-technology: History, status, outlook. (1995), In Poster Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Komisar, S.J. Comparison of phytoremediation and conventional pile composting treatments for remediation of diesel contaminated high clay content soil. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Komisar, S.J., and J. Park. Phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil using alfalfa. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:331-336.

Komoßa, D., C. Langebartels, and H. Sandermann, Jr. Metabolic processes for organic chemicals in plants. (1995), In S. Trapp and J.C. McFarlane (eds.), Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Kömp, P., and M.S. McLachlan. Interspecies variability of the plant/air partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(10):2944-2948.

Konoplev, A.V., N.V. Viktorova, E.P. Virchenko, V.E. Popov, A.A. Bulgakov, and G.M. Desmet. Influence of agricultural countermeasures on the ratio of different chemical forms of radionuclides in soil and soil solution. (1993), Sci. Total Environ. 137(1-3):147-163.

Kopp, R.F., L.P. Abrahmson, E.H. White, T.A. Volk, and J.M. Peterson. Willow bioenergy producer's handbook. New York State Energy Research and Developement Authority.

Kopsell, D. and W. Randle. Selenium Accumulation in a Rapid-Cycling Brassica Oleracea Population Responds to Increasing Sodium Selenate Concentrations. (1999), J. Plant Nutr. 22(6): 927-937.

Kordel, W. and B. Stein. Fate of the Organotin pesticide azocyclotin in aquatic microcosms. (1997), Chemosphere, 35, 1/2, 191-207.

Kotrebai, M., M. Birringer, J. Tyson, E. Block and P. Uden. Selenium Speciation in Enriched and Natural Samples by Hplc- Icp-Ms and Hplc-Esi-Ms with Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acid Ion- Pairing Agents. (1999), Analyst 125(1): 71-78.

Kovalick, W. Superfund remedial actions: Summary of source control treatment technologies selected through FY95. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. USEPA unpublished meeting summary.

Kozdroj, J. and J. D. van Elsas. Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis for Comparison of Direct and Indirect Extraction Methods of Soil DNA Used for Microbial Community Fingerprinting. (2000), Biological Fertility of Soils 31: 372-378.

Kramer, U. C., A. N. The Use of Transgenic Plants in the Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Trace Elements. (2001), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55(6): 661-672.

Kramer, U., J.D. Cotter-Howells, J.M. Charnock, A.J.M. Baker, and J.A.C. Smith. Free histidine as a metal chelator in plants that accumulate nickel. (1996), Nature. 373:635-638.

Kramer, U., R. Smith, W.W. Wenzel, I. Raskin, and D.E. Salt. The role of metal transport and tolerance in nickel hyperaccumulation by Thlaspi goesingense halacsy. (1997), Plant Physiol. 115(4):1641.

Krauter, P. W. Using a Wetland Bioreactor to Remediate Ground Water Contaminated with Nitrate (Mg/L) and Perchlorate (µG/L). (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(4).

Krebs, R., S. Grupta, G. Furrer and R. Schulin. Solubility and Plant Uptake of Metals with and without Liming of Sludge-Amended Soils. (1998), J. Environ.Qual. 27: 18-23.

Krijger, G., C. Kolloffel and H. Wolterbeek. Effect of Nitrate on Uptake of Pertechnetate by Tomato Plants. (2000), J. Environ. Qual. 29(3): 866-870.

Krishnan, G., G. Horst and P. Shea. Differential Tolerance of Cool- and Warm-Season Grasses to Tnt -Contaminated Soil. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

KrishnaRaj, S., T. Dan and P. Saxena. A Fragrant Solution to Soil Remediation. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Kroening, S. J., D. Leung, L. G. Greenfield and C. Galilee. Losses of Diesel Oil by Volatilisation and Effects of Diesel Oil on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth. (2001), ENviron. Technol. 22(9): 1113-1117.

Kruckeberg, A.R., and R.D. Reeves. Nickel accumulation by serpentine species of Streptanthus (Brassicaceae): field and greenhouse studies. (1995), Madrono. 42(4):458-469.

Kruckeberg, A.R., P.J. Peterson, and Y. Samiullah. Hyperaccumulation of nickel by Arenaria rubella (Caryophyllaceace) from Washington State. (1993), Madrono. 42(4):458-469.

Krueger, J.P., R.G. Butz, and D.J. Cork. Use of dicamba-degrading microorganisms to protect dicamba susceptible plant species. (1991), J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:1000-1003.

Kruger, E.L., J. Chaplin-Anhalt, D. Sorenson, B. Nelson, A.L. Chouhy, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Atrazine degradation in pesticide-contaminated soils: Phytoremediation potential. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Kruger, E.L., T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. (1996), Symposium on "Phytoremediation-Technology Review." Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Association 89th Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN.

Kruger, E.L., T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. (1997), American Chemical Society Symposium Series 664, 1997.

Kruger, E.L., T.A. Anderson, B.S. Perkovich, and J.R. Coats. Evaluation of the degradative capabilities of rhizosphere and nonvegetated soils from pesticide-contaminated sites. (1995), In Poster Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Kruger, E.L., T.A. Anderson, J.C. Anhalt, and J.R. Coats. Phytoremediation of herbicide wastes in soil. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:94-AGRO.

Kucerova, P., C. in der Wiesche, M. Wolter, T. Macek, F. Zadrazil and M. Mackova. The Ability of Different Plant Species to Remove Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Incubation Media. (2001), Biotechnology Letters 23: 1355-1359.

Kucerova, P., M. Mackova and T. Macek. Perspectives of Phytoremediation in Decontamination of Organic Pollutants and Xenobiotics. (1999), Chem. Listy 93( 1): 19-26.

Kucerova, P., M. Mackova, L. Chroma, J. Burkhard, J. Triska, K. Demnerova and T. Macek. Metabolism of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Solanum Nigrum Hairy Root Clone Snc-9o and Analysis of Transformation Products. (2000), PLANT SOIL 225(1-2): 109-115.

Kucerova, P., M. Mackova, L. Polachova, J. Burkhard, K. Demnerova, J. Pazlarova and T. Macek. Correlation of Pcb Transformation by Plant Tissue Cultures with Their Morphology and Peroxidase Activity Changes. (1999), Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 64(9): 1497-1509.

Kucharski, R. A case study: applications of phytoremediation to heavy metal-contaminated soils, Katowice, Poland. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Kucharski, R., A. Sas-Nowosielska, and M. Pogrzeba. Technology of phytoexctraction of lead and cadmium in Poland: problems and achievements. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Kucharski, R., L.L. Gary, J.M. Kuperberg, and S. Dushenkov. A case study: application of phytoremediation to heavy metal-contaminated soils, Katowice, Poland. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Kuiper, I., G. V. Bloemberg and B. J. J. Lugtenberg. Selection of a Plant-Bacterium Pair as a Novel Tool for Rhizostimulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria. (2001), Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 14(10): 1197-1205.

Kulakow, P., A. P. Schwab and M. K. Banks. Screening Plant Species for Growth on Weathered, Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sediments. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Kulakow, P., A.L. Ryser, A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. Abstract: Variation among nine plant species for hydrocarbon degradation in crude oil contaminated soil. (1997), Poster 46. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Phytoremediation is a bioremediation technology that utilizes plants to enhance the cleanup of soils contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Although initial greenhouse and field studies have supported the potential of phytoremediation, the ability of different plant species to improve a remediation design has not been sufficiently studied. In this greenhouse study, we used nine plant species and an unvegetated control in soil artificially contaminated with 0.5% crude oil. Two of the species also were grown in the same soil without contamination. Plant species were selected to include a range of growth characteristics such as annuals and perennials; monocots and dicots; fibrous root and taproot species; crops and weeds; and warm-season and cool-season species. Our primary objective was to determine if the degradation of the crude oil contaminant varied among species. Our findings would aid further investigation and selection of plant materials best suited for phytoremediation.The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seeds were germinated in uncontaminated soil in a growth chamber. Dry soil was contaminated in bulk using a concrete mixer. One gallon pots were filled with 2.5 kg of soil. Three plants were transplanted in the greenhouse seven days after germination. At transplanting, a sample of moist contaminated soil from each replication was placed at 4C, until harvest, as an abiotic control. Another sample from each replication was dried to estimate the initial contaminant concentration. The greenhouse was maintained at 30C during the day and 20C at night with a 14-hour day length. At harvest, 126 days after planting, each pot was evaluated for plant height, growth stage, aboveground biomass, and root biomass. Soil was separated from the roots, dried, and sampled to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Hydrocarbons were extracted from soil using a shaking method with methylene chloride as the solvent. TPH was determined using IR. Percentage degradation was calculated from the initial and final TPH estimates. All characteristics were analyzed by analysis of variance. All species showed excellent growth throughout the experiment. Differences among species will be discussed as well as the implications for developing a phytoremediation plan.

Kulli, B., M. Balmer, R. Krebs, B. Lothenbach, G. Geiger and R. Schulin. The Influence of Nitrilotriacetate on Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Ryegrass. (1999), J. Environ. Qual. 28(6): 1699-1705.

Kunc, F. Degradation of 1-14C-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in artificial rhizosphere soil. (1989), pp. 329-334. In V. Vancura and F. Kunc (eds.), Interrelationships Between Microorganisms and Plants in Soil. Elsevier Science Publ., New York.

Kung, K.-J.S. Influence of plant uptake on the performance of bromide tracer. (1990), Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:975-979.
Bromide has been used to study solute transport in unsaturated soils. However, no field studies have addressed the impact of plant uptake on the performance and reliability of Br as a tracer. Field experiments were conducted in a Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field on a Plainfield loamy sand soil (mixed, mesic Typic Upidsamment) at the Hancock Research Station in central Wisconsin. At emergence, a 6.8-mm pulse of KBr solution with 15 kg m-3 concentration was banded at the center of each potato row. The application rate was equivalent to 111.2 kg ha-1 of Br. At 65 d after Br application , soil, potato canopies, tubers, and residues of dead potato leaves and vines from four vertical profiles were collected and the total mass of Br from each sample was measured. The results showed that at least 53% of applied Br mass was absorbed by potato plants. About 44% of the absorbed Br ions could be redistributed to the soil surface when the dead leaves and vines decayed. Leaching of some chemicals, which are metabolized or degraded after being taken up by the plant, can therefore be grossly overestimated by using Br breakthrough curves under certain conditions. Before using Br as a tracer in a field experiment, preliminary laboratory studies should be conducted to determine whether Br uptake and redistribution will be significant under a particular cultivar, Br-application concentration and mode, and water-application scheme.

Kunito, T., K. Saeki, K. Nagaoka, H. Oyaizu and S. Matsumoto. Characterization of Copper-Resistant Bacterial Community in Rhizosphere of Highly Copper-Contaminated Soil. (2001), European Journal of Soil Biology 37(2): 95-102.

LaCoste, C., B. Robinson, R. Brooks, C. Anderson, A. Chiarucci and M. Leblanc. The Phytoremediation Potential of Thallium-Contaminated Soils Usingiberisandbiscutellaspecies. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(4).

Lalande, P. Steps to achieve rapid establishment of phytoremediation vegetation complexes and the intergrated engineered ecosystems approach for site remediation/restoration. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Lamb, J.F.S., D.K. Barnes, M.P. Russelle, and C.P. Vance. Poster Abstract: Plant breeding strategies in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to address soil nitrate remediation. (1995), p. 123. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Lambs, L. and E. Muller. Sap Flow and Water Transfer in the Garonne River Riparian Woodland, France: First Results on Poplar and Willow. (2002), Ann. For. Sci 59: 301-315.

Lamoureux, G. L. and D. G. Rusness. Propachlor Metabolism in Soybean Plants, Excised Soybean Tissues, and Soil. (1989), 34: 187-204.

Landberg, T. and M. Greger. Poster Abstract: Is heavy-metal tolerance important in phytoremediation?. (1995), p. 95. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Landmeyer, J. Monitoring the Effect of Poplar Trees on Petroleum-Hydrocarbon and Chlorinated-Solvent Contaminated Ground Water. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1).

Landmeyer, J. E., D. A. Vrblosky and P. M. Bradley. Mtbe and Btex in Trees above Contaminated Groundwater. (2000), Battelle International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds,, Monterey, CA.

Langan, M.M., and K.D. Hoagland. Growth responses of Typha latifolia and Scirpus acutus to atrazine concentration. (1996), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57:307-314.

Langebartels, C. and H. Harms. Analysis for Nonextractable (Bound) Residues of Pentachlorophenol in Plant Cells Using a Cell Wall Fractionation Procedure. (1985), Ecotox. Environ. Saf 10: 268.

Langreth, R. Altered weeds eat mercury particles in lab experiments on toxic waste. (1996), The Wall Street Journal. April 16.

Lanza, G. R. Phytoremediation's Centenarian- an Interdisciplinary Journey through Science. (2002), Int J Phytoremediat 4(1): U4-U6.

Laperche, V, T.J. Logan, P. Gaddam, and S.J. Traina. Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead from contaminated soil. (1997), Environmental Science and Technology. 31, 2746-2753.

Laperche, V., T.J. Logan, P. Gaddam, and S.J. Traina. Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead from contaminated soil. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(10):2745-2753.
Phosphate compounds of Pb [e.g., pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3-(X) where X = OH, F, or Cl] are comparatively insoluble, and inducing their formation in contaminated soils may be a means of reducing the bioavailability and chemical lability of Pb in soil. Previous research has documented the formation of pyromorphite subsequent to the addition of phosphates, as soluble phosphate (Cotter-Howells, J.; Caporn, S. Appl. Geochem. 1996, 11, 335) and as apatite (Laperche et al. Environmental Science & Technology 1996; 30: 3321), to Pb-contaminated soils. In the present study, the effect of apatite amendments on the bioavailability of Pb in contaminated soil and the stability of pyromorphite were examined. A Pb-contaminated soil was treated with natural and synthetic apatites, and the bioavailability of Pb was determined in plant uptake studies with sudax (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The Pb content in shoot tissue decreased as the quantity of added apatite increased. In the absence of apatite amendments, Pb content in the shoot was 170 mg of Pb/kg dry weight; apatite decreased the shoot Pb concentration to 3 mg/kg. XRD and SEM analysis indicated that apatite reacted with Pb in the contaminated soil to form pyromorphite, in situ. However, accumulation of Pb in the roots and formation of pyromorphite on root surfaces was also noted. This study indicates that apatite amendments to contaminated soils can lower the bioavailability and increase the geochemical stability of soil Pb.

Lasat, M. M. Phytoextraction of Toxic Metals: A Review of Biological Mechanisms. (2002), J. Environ. Qual. 31(1): 109-120.

Lasat, M., M. Fuhrman, S. Ebbs, J. Cornish and L. Kochian. Phytoremediation of a Radiocesium-Contaminated Soil: Evaluation of Cesium-137 Bioaccumulation in the Shoots of Three Plant Species. (1998), J. Environ. Qual. 27: 165-169.

Lasat, M., N. Pence, D. Garvin, S. Ebbs and L. Kochian. Molecular Physiology of Zinc Transport in the Zn Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi Caerulescens. (2000), Journal of Experimental Botany 51(342): 71-79.

Lasat, M., N. Pence, D. Letham and L. Kochian. Zinc Phytoextraction Inthlaspi Caerulescens. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1).

Lasat, M.M., A.J.M. Baker, and L.V. Kochian. Physiological characterization of root Zn+ absorption and translocation to shoots in Zn hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator species of Thlaspi. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Lasat, M.M., M. Fuhrmann, S.D. Ebbs, J.E. Cornish, and L.V. Kochian. Phytoremediation of a radiocesium-contaminated soil: evaluation of cesium-137 bioaccumulation in the shoots of three plant species. (1998), J. Environ. Qual. 27(1)165-169.

Lasat, M.M., W.A. Norvell, and L.V. Kochian. Potential for phytoextraction of 137Cs from a contaminated soil. (1997), Plant Soil. 195(1):99-106.

Latimer, S.D., M.S. Devall, C. Thomas, E.G. Ellgaard, S.D. Kumar, and L.B. Thein. Dendrochronology and heavy metal deposition in tree rings of baldcypress. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25:1411-1420.

Lauchli, A. Selenium in plants: Uptake, functions, and environmental toxicity. (1993), Botanica Acta. 106(6):455-468.

Lauritzen, J.R., and J.V. Shanks. Hairy root cultures as a model system for TNT phytoremediation studies. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:60-BIOT.

Leah, J. M., T. L. Worrall and A. H. Cobb. A Study of Benzaton Uptake and Metabolism in the Presence and Absence of Cytochrome P-450 and Acetyl-Coenzyme a Carboxylase Inhibitors. (1991), Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 39: 232-239.

Leavitt, M. A comparison of three plant-based metals removal systems to treat surface water. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Leblanc, M., D. Petit, A. Deram, B. Robinson and R. Brooks. The Phytomining and Environmental Significance of Hyperaccumulation of Thallium by Iberis Intermedia from Southern France. (1999), Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 94( 1): 109-113.

Lee, C.R., J.W. Simmers, D.L. Brandon, L.J. O'Neil, M.J. Cullinane, J.M. Robertson. The importance of biological testing in the assessment of metal contamination and site remediation. (1992), pp. 293-304. Environmental Contamination 5th International Conference, September 29-October 1, 1992, Morges, Switzerland (Elsevier).

Lee, C.R., R.E. Hoeppel, P.G. Hunt, and C.A. Carlson. Feasibility of functional use of vegetation to filter, dewater, and remove contaminants from dredged material. (1976), Technical Report D-76-4 (June). U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Lee, E. The fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere of Festuca arundinacea. (1996), Ph.D. Dissertation. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.

Lee, E., and M.K. Banks. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation: a microbial study. (1993), p.332. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Lee, E., and M.K. Banks. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation: A microbial study. (1993), J. Environ. Sci. Health. A28(10):2187-2198.

Lee, E., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Fate of Pyrene in the rhizosphere. (1994), p. 328. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Lee, E., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Fate of benzo (a) pyrene in the rhizosphere of Festuca arundinacea. (1995), p. 207. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Lee, J. H., L. R. Hossner, M. Attrep and K. S. Kung. Comparative Uptake of Plutonium from Soils by Brassica Juncea and Helianthus Annuus. (2002), Environ. Pollution 120(2): 173-182.

Lee, J. H., L. R. Hossner, M. Attrep and K. S. Kung. Uptake and Translocation of Plutonium in Two Plant Species Using Hydroponics. (2002), Environ. Pollution 117(1): 61-68.

Lee, J., R.D. Reeves, R.R. Brooks, and T. Jaffre'. Isolation and identification of a citrate-complex of nickel from nickel-accumulating plants. (1977), Phytochem. 16:1503-1505.

Lee, K. and S. de Mora. In Situ Bioremediation Strategies for Oiled Shoreline Environments. (1999), Environ. Technol. 20(8): 783- 794.

Lee, R.W., S.A. Jones, E.L. Kuniansky, G.J. Harvey, and S.M. Eberts. Phreatophyte influence on reductive dechlorination in a shallow aquifer containing TCE. (1998), pp. 263-268. In G.B. Wickramanayake and R.E. Hinchee (eds.) Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.

Lees, Z.M., J.C. Hughes, and E. Senior. The bioreclamation of oil-contaminated soil using leguminous plants. (1995), In Poster Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, Battelle Memorial Institute, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA.

Leigh, M., J. Fletcher, D. Nagle, M. Mackova and T. Macek. Vegetation and Fungi at Czech Pcb-Contaminated Sites as Bioremediation Candidates. (2001), Phytoremediation of Energetic Compounds and PCBs: 61-68.

Leigh, M., J. Fletcher, X. Fu and F. Schmitz. Root Turnover: An Important Source of Microbial Substrates in Rhizosphere Remediation of Recalcitrant Contaminants. (2002), Environmental Science & Technology 36(7): 1579-1583.

Leland, T.W., D.L. Sorensen, and X. Qui. Abstract: Matric potential and vegetation effects on PAH degradation in clay soil. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans LA. 3:317.

Lenka, M., K.K. Panda, and B.B. Panda. Monitoring and assessment of mercury pollution in the vicinity of a chloroalkali plant. IV. Bioconcentration of mercury in situ aquatic and terrestrial plants at Ganjam, India. (1992), Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22(2):195-202.

Lepneva, O.M., and A.I. Obukhov. Heavy metals in soils and plants on Moscow State University grounds. (1987), Mosc. Univ. Soil Sci. Bull. 42(1):32-38.

Lepp, N.W. The potential of tree-ring analysis for monitoring heavy metal pollution patterns. (1975), Environ. Pollut. 9:49-62.

Leustek, T. Regulation of cysteine biosynthesis of Cd. (1995), pp. 27-28. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Levine, R.S. D.O.E.'s phytoremediation program. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Lewis, B.G., and M.M. MacDonell. Release of radon-222 by vascular plants: Effect of transpiration and leaf area. (1990), J. Environ. Qual. 19:93-98.
At disposal sites for wastes containing radium (Ra), vegetative stabilization may allow escape of radon (Rn) via uptake and mass flow of the gas in the plant transpiration stream. The main objectives of this work were to determine the magnitude and factors of such transport. Corn (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were grown in uranium mill tailings solids containing 276 Ra (4.4 X 103Bq kg-1). The quantities of 222 Rn released by the plants in a controlled environment chamber were measured in relation to water transpired and leaf areas. The 276Ra and 222Rn in corn xylem liquid, and diffusion of 222Rn across paraffin wax barriers, were also measured. The 222Rn release rates by the plants ranged from about 8 to 28 mBq s-1 m-2 of leaf area, and were unrelated to the quantity of water transpired. Generally the plants tended to release twice as much radon at 15¦ C than at 30¦ C, a phenomenon explained in part by the increased solubility of Rn in water at the lower temperature. We suggest that the bulk of 222Rn released by the plants is taken up by mass flow in water, but at the leaf mesophyll Rn diffuse independently of water, through the entire leaf cross-section, unimpeded by the cuticle and epicuticular wax. The species of plant does not appear to be a major factor in the quantity of Rn released to the air; rather, the amount of Rn released into the atmosphere from a given area of vegetated land is expected to be in direct proportion to the leaf area index.

Lewis, B.J. Selenium in biological systems and pathways for its volatilization in higher plants. (1976), pp. 389-409. In J.O. Nriagu (ed.), Environmental Biogeochemistry. Ann. Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, MI.

Lewis, S.L. Phytoremediation: Field design and site management. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
Phytoremediation is a promising new soil cleanup technology that uses higher plants to enhance bioremediation. Typical bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil is often very effective in the early stages, but degradation sometimes slows to imperceptible rates as cleanup progresses. The introduction of higher plants into a bioremediation system can enhance degradation of target compounds, particularly relatively immobile recalcitrant organic molecules. In order to maximize the degradation of contaminants, proper site design and management techniques are necessary. When establishing a field site, the soils are characterized for chemical and physical properties to evaluate the potential for growing plants and to determine if soil amendments are needed. Also, the soil is intensely sampled and chemically analyzed to determine the proper statistical design and eventual statistical analysis method (e.g., analysis of variance versus geostatistics). Plant species are selected based upon past experience and cultivars adapted to a specific location. The site must have adequate water for plant growth. Depending on the location of the site, irrigation may be required to meet plant water needs. Site management requires sampling soil and water for contaminant concentration, collecting biomass above and below ground to measure productivity as well as contaminant uptake, and providing adequate nutrients for plant growth and microbial activity.

Lewis, S.L., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Phytoremediation: field design and site management. (1997), Presentation 49. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Phytoremediation is a promising new soil cleanup technology that uses higher plants to enhance bioremediation. Typical bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil is often very effective in the early stages, but degradation sometimes slows to imperceptible rates as cleanup progresses. The introduction of higher plants into a bioremediation system can enhance degradation of target compounds, particularly relatively immobile recalcitrant organic molecules. In order to maximize the degradation of contaminants, proper site design and management techniques are necessary. When establishing a field site, the soils are characterized for chemical and physical properties to evaluate the potential for growing plants and to determine if soil amendments are needed. Also, the soil is intensely sampled and chemically analyzed to determine the proper statistical design and eventual statistical analysis method (e.g., analysis of variance versus geostatistics). Plant species are selected based upon past experience and cultivars adapted to a specific location. The site must have adequate water for plant growth. Depending on the location of the site, irrigation may be required to meet plant water needs. Site management requires sampling soil and water for contaminant concentration, collecting biomass above and below ground to measure productivity as well as contaminant uptake, and providing adequate nutrients for plant growth and microbial activity.

Li, H., G. Sheng, W. Sheng and O. Xu. Uptake of Trifluralin and Lindane from Water by Ryegrass. (2002), Chemosphere 48: 335-341.

Li, Z.M., M.M. Peterson, S.D. Comfort, G.L. Horst, P.J. Shea, and B.T. Oh. Remediating TNT-contaminated soil by soil washing and Fenton oxidation. (1998), The Science of the Total Environment. 204:2, 107-115.

Licht, L., E. Aitchison, W. Schnabel, M. English and M. Kaempf. Landfill Capping with Woodland Ecosystems. (2001), Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 5(4): 175-184.

Licht, L.A. Poplar tree buffer strips grown in riparian zones for biomass production and nonpoint source pollution control. (1990), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Licht, L.A. Poplar tree roots for water quality improvement. (1990), p. 55-61. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Enhancing State's Lake Management Programs, USEPA, Chicago.

Licht, L.A. Salicaceae family trees in sustainable agroecosystems. (1992), Forestry Chronicle. Vol. 682.

Licht, L.A. Ecolotree buffer for landfill leachate management: Installation and operational summary. (1994), Paper 94WA86.03. 87th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, June 19-24, 1994, Cincinnati, OH.
An EcolotreeTM Buffer was planted at the Riverbend Landfill, McMinnville OR to utilize leachate from an active landfill. The EcolotreeTM Buffer uses fast growing Populus spp. (poplar) trees and grass to evapotranspire the water and utilize soluble nutrients. The above-ground plant growth provides leaf surface that evaporates precipitation and transpires water pumped from soil through roots. The plant uptake, energized by solar-powered photosynthesis, removes water and nutrients from root zones which normally reach depths greater than 1.5 m (5 ft) in upland soils.The Riverbend Landfill annually collects +7,000,000 gallons of leachate and surface drainage water in a 10,00,000 gallon High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - lined lagoon. Leachate is irrigated onto 14.3 acres of trees/grass growing adjacent to the lagoon between May through October. Plants continue growing following the end of the irrigation season. This irrigation deficit creates water storage volume in the rooted soil which holds precipitation following leaf drop. When the leaves emerge in the spring, photosynthesis initiates transpiration and stored soil water returns to the atmosphere.Ammonia nitrogen is the most restrictive leachate constituent in this land application system. Because nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient, uptake by the plant system becomes the controlling rate for site sizing. The poplar will uptake more leachate nitrogen than grass alone. There was no ammonia nitrogen increase in subsurface lysimeters.Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measured the soil moisture to depths of 2.4 m (8 ft) deep below trees in one- and two-year trees. TDR data documents the soil water impacts by tree growth, irrigation, leaf drop, and harvest.

Licht, L.A. Poplar tree buffer strips grown in riparian zones for nonpoint source control. (1990), In Proceedings of the National Conference on Enhancing the State's Lake Management Programs. USEPA, Chicago.

Licht, L.A. Populus spp. (Poplar) capabilities and relationships to landfill water management. (1994), Paper 94WA86.02. 87th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, June 19-24, 1994, Cincinnati, OH.
The EcolotreeTM Cap uses Populus spp. (poplar) trees and grasses in the cover design for Subtitle D landfill closure and leachate land application. Trees and grasses grow a root system that acts as a pump. The plant uptake, driven by solar-powered photosynthesis, removes water and nutrients from root zones which reach predictable depths greater than 1.5 m (5 ft) on upland soils. When the survival, growth rate, and rooted soil depth is predictable, the transpiration of water is predictable.Conservatively, plants remove 600 pounds of water from the soil pores for every pound of stem dry matter growth. The leaves transpire this ground water back to the atmosphere as water vapor. When transpiration exceeds rainfall, plants remove stored water from the rooted cover soils. This dehydrating action effectively gives the cover a water storage capacity during winter dormancy.In contrast with EPA-approved clay or geomembrane covers designed with slight regard for plant growth, this cover focuses on re-establishing a vigorous ecosystem. While accomplishing the primary goal of protecting ground water purity, the EcolotreeTM Cap grows a productive cover that stabilizes soil slopes, produces marketable crops, develop wildlife habitat, and provides a more pleasing ambiance.

Licht, L.A. Ecolotree cap: Densely rooted trees for water management on landfill covers. (1993), In Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's 86th Annual Meeting and Conference, July 14-18, 1993, Denver, CO -WA-89. Paper A1549. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA.
The Ecolotree Cap uses fast growing Populus spp. (poplar) trees to cover landfills. The trees grow roots throughout a five-foot thick soil covering buried refuse; the plants acts as a pump that dewaters the permeable soil cap. Approximately 6000 pounds of water is absorbed from the soil pores for every pound of new-growth stem. The leaves transpire the water back to the atmosphere as water vapor. Tree growth and soil moisture data from a cover planted April, 1990 in Oregon show all precipitation is removed by roots during the growing season. When transpiration exceeds rainfall, plants remove stored water from the rooted cover soils. This dehydrating action effectively gives the cover a water storage capacity during the winter dormancy.In contrast with EPA-approved clay or geomembrane covers designed with slight regard for plant growth, this cover focuses on re-establishing a vigorous ecosystem. The Ecolotree Cap achieves a productive cover that stabilizes soil slopes, produces marketable crops, develops wildlife habitat, and provides a more pleasing ambience. These goals can be achieved while accomplishing the primary goal of protecting ground water purity.

Licht, L.A. Abstract: A retrospective-10 growing seasons using Populus spp. for pollution control. (1997), Presentation 56. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Pollution control research using deep-rooted poplar began May 1988 with the University of Iowa's first riparian poplar buffer. The projects immediate purpose was reduction of fertilizer leakage to streams; the broader passion was to fundamentally change the engineered solution for cleaning up our polluted ecosystem using plants--starting with poplar. The humble 16' x 400' tree strip planted by an unnamed stream near Amana, Iowa, was the subject of the doctoral thesis "Deep Rooted Poplar Tree Buffers Grown in the Ripanan Zone for Nonpoint Pollution Control and Biomass Production" (1990, Licht) and a patent pending titled "Method for Using Tree Crops as Pollutant Control" (1991, filed by U of I). The EPA HSRC provided critical and necessary funding for proof of concept. Since then, over 60 projects designed by Ecolotree Inc., et al., are in the ground or on the drawing board around the U.S. and in Europe. This paper will be a retrospective of published and unpublished project results on costs, permitting, and treatment success for poplar-based phytoremediation.

Licht, L.A., and J.L. Schnoor. Tree buffers protect shallow ground water at contaminated sites. (1993), EPA Ground Water Currents, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA/542/N-93/011.

Lien, S.C.T. An overview of the U.S. department of energy's soil remediation R&D activities under the environmental management program. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Lien, S.C.T. The use of plants for the remediation of environmental contamination. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Lim, L.O., S.J. Scherer, K.D. Shuler, and J.P. Toth. Disposition of cyromazine in plants under environmental conditions. (1990), J. Agric. Food Chem. 38(3):860-865.

Lin, Q. and I. Mendelssohn. The Combined Effects of Phytoremediation and Biostimulation in Enhancing Habitat Restoration and Oil Degradation of Petroleum Contaminated Wetlands. (1998), Ecological Eng. 10: 263-274.

Lin, Q. and I.A. Mendlessohn. The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands. (1998), Ecological Engineering. 10:3, 263-274, June 1998.

Lin, Q., and I.A. Mendelssohn. The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands. (1998), Ecol. Engin. 10(3):263-274.

Lin, Q., and J.C. Walker. Poster Abstract: Expression of type one protein phosphatases (Topp) mRNA in Arabidopsis. (1995), p. 101. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Lin, Q.X., and I.A. Mendelssohn. Potential of phytoremediation as a means for habitat restoration and cleanup of petroleum-contaminated wetlands. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:57-AGRO.

Lin, Z., R. Schemenauer, V. Cervinka, A. Zayed, A. Lee and N. Terry. Selenium Volatilization from a Soil-Plant System for the Remediation of Contaminated Water and Soil in the San Joaquin Valley. (2000), J. Environ. Qual. 29(4): 1048-1056.

Lindstrom, F. T., L. Boersma and C. McFarlane. Mathmatical Model of Plant Uptake and Translocations of Organic Chemicals: Development of the Model. (1991), J Env Qual 20(Jan-Mar): 1129-136.

Linger, P., J. Mussig, H. Fischer and J. Kobert. Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Growing on Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil: Fibre Quality and Phytoremediation Potential. (2002), Industrial Crops & Products 16(1): 33-42.

Liste, H. and M. Alexander. Plant-Promoted Pyrene Degradation in Soil. (2000), Chemosphere 40( 1): 7-10.

Liste, H.-H. and M. Alexander. Rapid Screening of Plants Promoting Phenanthrene Degradation. (1999), Journal of Environmental Engineering 28: 1376-1377.

Liu, Y., and A.K. Chatterjee. Poster Abstract: Molecular characteristics of rdgA which specifies a component of the regulatory circuit controlling pectin lyase production in the soft-rotting bacterium, Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora. (1995), p. 76. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Lodewyckx, C., M. Mergeay, J. Vangronsveld, H. Clijsters and D. Van Der Lelie. Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Bacteria Associated with the Zinc Hyperaccumulatorthlaspi Caerulescenssubsp.Calaminaria. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(2).

Loehr, R.C., and M.T. Webster. Performance of long-term, field-scale bioremediation processes. (1996), J. Hazard. Mater. 50:105-128.

Lombi, E., F. Zhao, S. Dunham and S. McGrath. Cadmium Accumulation in Populations of Thlaspi Caerulescens and Thlaspi Goesingense. (2000), New Phytol. 145(1): 11-20.

Lombi, E., F. Zhao, S. J. Dunham and S. P. McGrath. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils: Natural Hyperaccumulation Versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction. (2001), J. Environ. Qual. 30(6): 1919-1926.

Long, D., and M. Hagan. On the cleanup fast-track: Project circumvents superfund. (1995), Water Environ. Technol. May. p. 29-30.

Longstaff, M., C. Newell, B. Boonstra, D. Learmonth, W. Harris, A. Porter, and W. Hamilton. Abstract: Phytoremediation and detection of pollutants using recombinant antibody fragments ("Plantibodies"). (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:337.

Loppi, S., F. Chiti, A. Corsini, and L. Bernardi. Lichen biomonitoring of trace metals in the Pistoia area (central northern Italy). (1994), Environ. Monitor. Assess. 29(l):17-27.

Lóser, C., A. Zehnsdorf, P. Hoffmann and H. Seidel. Conditioning of Heavy Metal-Polluted River Sediments by Helophytes. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 01(4).

Lowrance, R. Nitrogen outputs from a field-size agricultural watershed. (1992), J. Environ. Qual. 21:602-607.
Nitrogen outputs from a 0.34-ha field were measured for 1984 through 1987. The field consisted of Cowarts loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult) managed in a summer row crop-winter cover crop sequence. Outputs measured were subsurface flow, surface runoff, and denitrification. Monthly sampling of denitrification rates showed a high degree of temporal and spatial variability. Rates significantly increased with soil moisture and depth. Denitrification also increased after irrigation events. Nitrogen movement in subsurface flow was 97% NO3-N and was about 10 times that in surface runoff. Most subsurface flow and movement of N (77 kg NO3-N ha-1) occurred in December 1986 through February 1987 when 62 cm of precipitation fell in a 12-wk period (December 1986-February 1987) following fertilizer application. This period accounted for one-half the total subsurface nitrate movement for the 4-yr study. Even though no crop was harvested in 1985, subsurface outputs of N were low in winter of 1985-1986. Soil NH4-N levels were significantly higher after the year without a harvest, indicating that more of the N in crop residue was found in the soil pool.

Lucero, M., M. O'Connell, and W. Mueller. Poster abstract: Biotransformation of high explosives by the terrestrial plant Datura innoxia. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Lucero, M., W. Mueller, and P. Lammers. Poster Abstract: Biotransformation of 2,4,6- Trinitrotoluene: characteristics of nitroreductase activity in Datura innoxia. (1995), p. 121. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Lugtenberg, B. J. J. and L. A. d. Weger. Plant Root Colonization by Pseudomonas Spp. (1992), Pseudomonas: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. S. S. E. Galli, and B. Witholt. Washington D.C., American Society of Microbiology: 13-19.

Luik, V.A. Mined land reclamation using polluted urban navigable waterway sediments III: experiments at a demonstration Site. (1984), Journal of Environmental Quality. 13:3, 432-431.

Lynch, J. Microbes are rooting for better crops. (1988), New Sci. 118(1610):45-50.

Lytle, C., F. Lytle, N. Yang, J. Qian, D. Hansen, A. Zyed and N. Terry. Reduction of Cr(Vi) to Cr(Iii) by Wetland Plants - Potential for in-Situ Heavy Metal Detoxification. (1998), Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(20): 3087-3093.

Lytle, C.M., B.N. Smith, and F.W. Lytle. Poster Abstract: Seasonal changes in valence and chemical speciation of bioaccumulated manganese in Potamogeton pectinatis. (1995), p. 88. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Lytle, T.F., and J.S. Lytle. Ascorbate: A biomarker of herbicide stress in wetland plants. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Ma, X. and J. G. Burken. Vocs Fate and Partitioning in Vegetation: Use of Treecores in Groundwater Analysis. (2002), Environmental Science and Technology 36(21): 4663 - 4668.

Macek, T. and M. Mackova. Phytoremediation - Use of Plants for Control of Organics and Metals in the Environment. (1998), Chem. Pap.-Chem. Zvesti 52: 581-582.

Macek, T., M. Mackova and J. Kas. Exploitation of Plants for the Removal of Organics in Environmental Remediation. (2000), Biotechnol. Adv. 18(1): 23-34.

Machate, T., H. Noll, and A. Kettrup. Degradation of phenanthrene and hydraulic characteristics in a constructed wetland. (1997), Water Res. 31:554-560.

Mackova, M., L. Chroma, P. Kucerova, J. Burkhard, K. Demnerova and T. Macek. Some Aspects of Pcb Metabolism by Horseradish Cells. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(4).

Mackova, M., T. Macek, J. Ocenaskove, J. Burkhard, and D.K. Pazlarova. Biodegradation of PCBs by plant cells. (1997), Internat. Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 39(4):317.

Mackova, M., T. Macek, P. Kucerova, J. Burkhard, J. Pazlarova and K. Demnerova. Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Hairy Root Culture of Solanum Nigrum. (1997), Biotechnology Letters 19(8): 787-790.

MacLean, D.C., K.S. Hansen, and R.E. Schneider. Amelioration of aluminum toxicity in wheat by fluoride. (1992), New Phytol. 121:81-89.

Macnair, M., V. Bert, S. Huitson, P. Saumitou-Laprade and D. Petit. Zinc Tolerance and Hyperaccumulation Are Genetically Independent Characters. (1999), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B-Biol. Sci 266(1434): 2175-2179.

Macnair, M.R. Genetics of metal tolerance in higher plants. (1995), pp. 13-14. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Macnair, M.R., Q.J. Cumbes, and A.A. Meharg. The genetics of arsenate tolerance in Yorkshire fog, Holcus lanatus L. (1992), Heredity. 69:325-335.

Madison, M.F., and L.A. Licht. Agricultural ecosystems-the world is watching. (1990), Agric. Eng. 71(1):12-15.

Mahujchariyawong, J. and S. Ikeda. Modelling of Environmental Phytoremediation in Eutrophic River - the Case of Water Hyacinth Harvest in Tha-Chin River, Thailand. (2001), Ecological Modeling 142(1-2): 121-134.

Maila, M. P. and T. E. Cloete. Germination of Lepidium Sativum as a Method to Evaluate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) Removal from Contaminated Soil. (2002), International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 50(2): 107-113.

Malaisse, F., J. Gregoire, R.R. Morrison, and R.D. Reeves. Aeolanthus biformifolius De Wild.: A hyperaccumulator of copper from Zaire. (1978), Science. 199(4331):887-888.

Malaisse, F., R.D. Reeves, R.S. Morrison, and R.R. Brooks. Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaire. (1979), Plant Soil. 53(4):535.

Malathi, A., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Vegetative bioremediation of phenanthrene. (1994), p. 329. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Malik, M., R. Chaney, E. Brewer, Y. Li and J. Angle. Phytoextraction of Soil Cobalt Using Hyperaccumulator Plants. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Mallede, H., and M.K. Banks. Abstract: Microbial diversity in contaminated soils. (1997), Presentation 78. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Microbial functional diversity was assessed using BIOLOG for hazardous organic and heavy metal-contaminated soil. The purpose of this study was to compare microbial community structure in vegetated and unvegetated contaminated soil. Soil samples were taken and analyzed from several phytoremediation projects. Preliminary results indicate that functional diversity is higher in the rhizosphere of contaminated soil when compared to non-rhizosphere contaminated soil.

Mandelbaum, R.T., L.P. Wackett, and D.L. Allan. Mineralization of the s-triazine ring of atrazine by stable bacterial mixed cultures. (1993), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1695-1701.

Mander, U., V. Kuusemets, M. Oovel, R. Ihme, P. Sevola and A. Pieterse. Experimentally Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Estonia. (2000), Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. A35(8): 1389-1401.

Mann, E. and M. Joseph. Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil by Kentucky-31 Tall Fescue and Alfalfa. (1998), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 215: 041-ANYL.

Marion, G.M., G.S. Brar, D.K. Pelton, A.J. Palazzo, and J.R. Payne. Heavy metal remediation via the dispersion by chemical reaction process. (1997), pp. 413-414. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, June 23-26, 1997, Berkeley, CA.

Markantonatos, P.G., N. Ch. Bacalis, G. Lazaras, and M.O. Angelidis. Nutrient removal using reed bed systems in Greece. (1996), J . Environ. Sci. Health. A31:1423-1441.

Marmiroli, N. and P. Monciardini. Phytonet (Http://Www.Dsa.Unipr.It/Phytonet), a Thematic Network Devoted to the Scientific, Economical, Environmental, and Social Aspects of Phytoremediation. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(2).

Marmiroli, N., E. Maestri, G. Antonioli, C. Conte, P. Monciardini, M. Marmiroli and C. Mucchino. Application of Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-Srxf) and X-Ray Microanalysis (Sem/Edx) for the Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Trace Element Accumulation in Woody Plants. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(2).

Marschner, P., D.E. Crowley, and R.M. Higash. Root exudation and physiological status of root colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens in mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal pepper. (1997), Plant Soil. 189(1):11.

Martens, S.N., and R.S. Boyd. The defensive role of nickel hyperaccumulation by plants: a field experiment. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Marthys, W. Zinc tolerance by plants. (1980), pp. 415-437. In J.O. Nriagu (ed.), Zinc in the Environment, II: Health Effects. Wiley-Interscience, Toronto, Canada.

Martin, H.W., T.R. Young, and D.C. Adriano. Evaluation of three herbaceous index plant species for bioavailability of soil cadmium, nickel and vanadium. (1996), Plant Soil. 182:199-207.

Martinez, M., A. Santos, L. Cruz, M. Garcia, L. Trujillo, J. Lis and M. Gutierrez-Rojas. Diagnostic and Resulting Approaches to Restore Petroleum- Contaminated Soil in a Mexican Tropical Swamp. (2000), WATER SCI TECHNOL 42(5-6): 377-384.

Marton, L. Poster abstract: Spartina alterniflora, a promising plant for phytoremediation. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Marton, L., X. Yu, R.P. Marathe, A. Wenck, S. Sukumaran, M. Polite, and M. Czako. Poster Abstract: What can the Arabidopsis system do for us and what can we do with Arabidopsis? p. (1995), 79. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Massacci, A. Remediation of Wetlands by Phragmites Australis, the Biological Basis. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(2): 135-140.

Matso, K. Mother Nature's pump and treat. (1995), Civil Eng. 65:46-49.

Mayland, H.F. Selenium in plant and animal nutrition. (1994), pp. 29-46. In W.T. Frankenberger, Jr., and S. Benson (eds.), Selenium in the Environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Maywald, F., and H.J. Weigel. Biochemistry and molecular biology of heavy metal accumulation in higher plants. (1997), Landbauforschung Volkenrode. 47(3):103.

McAneny, C.C., P.G. Tucker, J.M. Morgan, C.R. Lee, M.F. Kelley, and R.C. Horz. Covers for uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. (1985), EPA/540/2-85/002. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.

McCarthy, B.J., S.D. Geerts, K.W. Johnson, T.J. Maltere, and C.C. Maly. Mineland reclamation using office waste paper de-inking residue. (1994), Natural Resource Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, March 1994.

McCleary, H. Du Pont takes team approach to using plants for remediation. (1995), Bioremed. Report. 4:4.

McConkey, B.J., C.L. Duxbury, and B.M. Greenberg. Toxicity of a PAH photooxidation product to the bacteria photobacterium phosphoreum and the duckweed Lemna gibba: Effects of phenanthrene and its primary photoproduct, phenanthrenequinone. (1997), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(5):892.

McCormick, P.M., G. Cannon, and S. Heinhorst. Poster Abstract: Genetic engineering to produce a recombinantly modified cyanobacterium capable of enhanced heavy metal sequestration. (1995), p. 105. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

McCrady, J. K., C. McFarlane and L. K. Gander. Transport and Fate of 2,3,7,8-Tcdd in Soybean and Corn. (1990), Chemosphere 21(3): 359-376.

McCrady, J.K., C. McFarlane, and F.T. Lindstrom. The transport and affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. (1987), Int. J. Exp. Botany. 38:1875-1890.

McCray, K. Ground water market trends. (1995), Assoc. Ground Water Sci. Eng. Newsletter. 11:10.

McCutcheon, S. and S. Rock. Phytoremediation: State of the Science Conference and Other Developments. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1).

McCutcheon, S., N. L. Wolfe, L. Carreria and T. Y. Ou. Phytoremediation of Hazardous Wastes. (1995), Proc Nat Conf Innovative Technol Site Rem Hazard Waste Manage, ASCE.

McCutcheon, S.C. Phytoremediation of hazardous wastes. (1995), July 23-26.

McDonald, J.P. KSU team works with industrial partners. (1997), HazTech Transfer, Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center. January.

McFarlane, J. C. and T. Pfleeger. Plant Exposure Chambers for Study of Toxic Chemical-Plant Interactions. (1987), J Env Qual. 16(4): 361-376.

McFarlane, J.C. Uptake of organic contaminants by plants. (1991), Munic. Waste Incineration Risk Assess. (Plenum). pp. 151-165.

McFarlane, J.C., C. Nolt, C. Wickliff, T. Pfleeger, R. Shimabuku, and M. McDowell. The uptake, distribution and metabolism of four organic chemicals by soybean plants and barley roots. (1987), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:847-856.

McFarlane, J.C., T. Pfleeger, and J.S. Fletcher. Effect, uptake and disposition of nitrobenzene in several terrestrial plants. (1990), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:513-520.

McFarlane, J.C., T. Pfleeger, and J.S. Fletcher. Transpiration effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene, and phenol in soybean plants. (1987), J. Environ. Qual. 16(4):372-376.
The influence of transpiration rate on the uptake and translocation of two industrial waste compounds, phenol and nitrobenzene, and one pesticide, 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil), was examined. Carbon-14 moieties of each compound were provided separately in hydroponic solution to mature soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr. Dwarf cultivar Fiskeby v] maintained under three humidity conditions. The uptake of each compound were determined by monitoring the removal of 14C from the hydroponic solution. The extent to which 14C was adsorbed to roots and translocated to plant shoots and leaves was examined by assaying root and shoot parts for 14C. Bromacil was taken up slower than the other chemicals, had the most 14C translocated to the shoot, and the amount translocated to the shoot responded directly to the rate of transpiration. In contrast, both phenol and nitrobenzene were rapidly lost from solution and bound to the roots. Less than 1.5% of the 14C from phenol or nitrobenzene was translocated to the plant shoots. Increased transpiration rates had little influence on root binding of 14C; however, increasing transpiration rate from low to medium was associated with an increased uptake of nitrobenzene. The three chemicals studied have similar Log Kow values, but their interactions with soybean were not the same. Thus, despite the usefulness of the octanol/water partitioning coefficient in predicting the fate of organic chemicals in animals and in correlating with root binding and plant uptake for many pesticides, log Kow may not be equally useful in describing uptake and binding of nonpesticide chemicals in plants.

McGee, B.D. Vegetative enhancement for groundwater remediation. (1994), pp. 413-126. In International Erosion Control Assoc./et. al. Sustaining Environmental Quality: Erosion Control Challenge Conference XXV Proceedings, February 15-18, 1994, Reno, NV.

McGrath, S. P., F. J. Zhao and E. Lombi. Phytoremediation of Metals, Metalloids, and Radionuclides. (2002), Advances in Agronomy 75: 1-56.

McGrath, S. P., F. Zhao and E. Lombi. Plant and Rhizosphere Processes Involved in Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils. (2001), Plant & Soil 232(1-2): 207-214.

McGrath, S., S. Dunham and R. Atkin. An Extracting Science. (1998), Chem. Ind.(22): 915-918.

McGrath, S.P. Poster Abstract: The use of metal hyperaccumulator plants to clean up metal polluted soils: a four year feasibility study. (1995), p. 126. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

McGrath, S.P., C.M.D. Sidoli, A.J.M. Baker, and R.D. Reeves. The potential for the use of metal-accumulating plants for the in situ decontamination of metal-polluted soils. (1993), pp. 673-676. In J.P. Eijsakers and T. Hamers (eds.), Integrated Soil and Sediment Research: A Basis for Proper Protection. Klywer Academic Publ., Dordrecht.

McGrath, S.P., Z.G. Shen, and F.J. Zhao. Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. (1997), Plant Soil. 188(1):153-159.

McIntyre, T and G.M. Lewis. The advancement of phytoremediation as an innovative environmental technology for stabilization, remediation, or restoration of contaminated sites in Canada: a discussion paper. (1997), Journal of Soil Contamination. 6(3): 227-241.

McIntyre, T. A workshop to explore the potential of phytoremediation for stabilization, reduction, and removal of heavy metals, radio nuclides, and energetic materials from contaminated sites in Canada. (1997), Proceeding of a Workshop held in Environment Canada, March 1997.

McIntyre, T. The advancement of phytoremediation as an innovative environmental technology for habitat restoration and rehabilitation in Canada - a strategic alliance. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Houston, TX.

McIntyre, T. and G. Lewis. Advancement of Phytoremediation as an Innovative Environmental Technology for Stabilization, Remediation, or Restoration of Contaminated Sites in Canada: A Discussion Paper. (1997), Journal of Soil Contamination 6(3): 227-241.

McIntyre, T., and G.M. Lewis. Advancement of phytoremediation as an innovative environmental technology for stabilization, remediation, or restoration of contaminated sites. (1997), J. Soil Contam. 6(3):227.

McLinn, E. L., J. E. Vondracek and E. A. Aitchison. Monitoring Remediation with Trembling Leaves: Assessing the Effectiveness of a Full-Scale Phytoremediation System. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 121-128.

McMillan, S. and J. Schnoor. Phytoremediation of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether by Hybrid Poplar Trees. (2000), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 219(1): 195-ENVR.

McNair, A.M. and K. Wayt. New land for old: remediation of a former dry cleaning facility in Germany. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Meagher, R. Phytoremediation of Toxic Elemental and Organic Pollutants. (2000), Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3(2): 153-162.

Meagher, R.B. Engineering phytoremediation of mercury pollution. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Meagher, R.B., and C. Rugh. Abstract: Phytoremediation of mercury pollution using a modified bacterial mercuric ion reductase gene. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Meagher, R.B., C. Rugh, D. Wilde, M. Wallace, S. Merkle, and A.O. Summers. Phytoremediation of toxic heavy metal ion contamination: expression of a modified bacterial mercuric ion reductase in transgenic Arabidopsis confers reduction of and resistance to high levels of ionic mercury. (1995), pp. 29-30. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Medina, V. F., S. L. Larson, A. E. Bergstedt and S. C. McCutcheon. Phyto-Removal of Trinitrotoluene from Water with Batch Kinetic Studies. (2000), Water Research 34(10): 2713-2722.

Medina, V. F., S. L. Larson, L. Agwaramgbo and W. Perez. Treatment of Munitions in Soils Using Phytoslurries. (2002), Int J Phytoremediat 4(2): 143-156.

Medina, V., P. Jeffers, S. Larson and W. Perez. Sterilization of Plants for Phytoremediation Studies by Bleach Treatment. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Medina, V., R. Rivera, S. Larson and S. McCutcheon. Phytoreactors Show Promise in Treating Munitions Contaminants. (1998), Soil Groundwater Cleanup(Feb/Mar): 19-24.

Medina, V., S. Larson, L. Agwaramgbo and W. Perez. Treatment of Munitions in Soils Using Phytoslurries. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(2).

Medina, V.F. Phytotreatment of TNT contaminated soil & groundwater. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Medina, V.F. and S.C. McCutcheon. Phytoremediation: Modeling removal of TNT and its breakdown products. (1996), Remed. Winter. 7(1)31-45.

Medina, V.F., Larson, S.L., Prindeville, K., and McCutcheon, S.C. Phytoremediation Potential for Yucca Plants. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

Medina, V.F., S.C. McCutcheon, N.L. Wolfe, and S.L. Larson. Abstract: Phytoremediation of explosives in soil and water: engineering studies. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:301.

Meharg, A. and J. Cairney. Ectomycorrhizas - Extending the Capabilities of Rhizosphere Remediation?. (2000), Soil Biol. Biochem. 32(11-12): 1475-1484.

Meharg, A.A., and M.R. Macnair. Genetic correlation between arsenate tolerance and the rate of influx of arsenate and phosphate in Holcus lanatus L. (1992), Heredity. 69:336-341.

Meharg, A.A., and M.R. Macnair. Uptake, accumulation, and translocation of arsenate in arsenate-tolerant and non-tolerant Holcus lanatus L. (1991), New Phytologist. 117:225-231.

Meharg, A.A., G.R. Dennis, and J.W.G. Cairney. Biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. (1997), Chemosphere 35(3)513-521.

Meharg, A.A., J.W.G. Cairney, and N. Maguire. Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ectomycorrhizal fungi in axenic culture and in symbiosis with pine. (1997), Chemosphere. 34(12)2495-2504.

Mehmannavaz, R., S. Prasher and D. Ahmad. Rhizospheric Effects of Alfalfa on Biotransformation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Contaminated Soil Augmented with Sinorhizobium Meliloti. (2002), Process Biochemistry 37: 955-963.

Mei, B. J., J. D. Puryear and R. J. Newton. Assessment of Cr Tolerance and Accumulation in Selected Plant Species. (2002), Plant Soil 247(2): 223-231.

Meinzer, O.E. Plants as indicators of ground water. (1927), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Mejare, M. and L. Bulow. Metal-Binding Proteins and Peptides in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals. ################

Memon, A.R., and M. Yatazawa. Nature of manganese complexes in manganese accumulator plant - Acanthopanax sciadophylloides. (1984), J. Plant Nutr. 7(6):961-974.

Mench, M.J., V.L. Didier, M. Loffler, A. Gomez, and P. Masson. A mimicked in situ remediation study of metal-contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23(1):58-64.

Mengoni, A., C. Gonnelli, F. Galardi, R. Gabbrielli and M. Bazzicalupo. Genetic Diversity and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Populations of Silene Paradoxa L. (Caryophyllaceae): A Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis. (2000), Mol. Ecol. 9( 9): 1319-1324.

Merrington, G., L. Winder, and I. Green. The uptake of cadmium and zinc by the bird-cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on wheat grown on sewage sludge amended agricultural soil. (1997), Environ. Pollut. 96(1):111-114.

Merry, R.H., K.G. Tiller, and A.M. Alston. The effects of soil contamination with copper, lead and arsenic on the growth and composition of plants. II. Effects of source of contamination, varying soil pH, and prior waterlogging. (1986), Plant Soil. 95(2):255-69.

Metzger, G.L. Garbage gobblers. (1992), Cornell Countryman. October. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Meyer, M.C., and T. McLendon. Phytotoxicity of depleted uranium on three grasses characteristic of different successional stages. (1997), J. Environ. Qual. 26:748-752.

Middleton, A.C., D.V. Nakels, and D.G. Lin. The influence of soil composition on bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. (1991), Remediation. Autumn 1991, 391-405.

Mikkelsen, R.L., F.T. Bingham, and A.L. Page. Factors affecting selenium accumulation by agricultural crops. (1989), In L.W. Jacobs (ed.), Selenium in agriculture and the environment. SSSA Special Publication 23, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.

Miller, E. and W. Dyer. Phytoremediation of Pentachlorophenol in the Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron Cristatum × Desertorum) Rhizosphere. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(3).

Miller, E.K., R. Veeh, T.R. McDermott, W.E. Dyer. Poster abstract: A model system to study mechanisms of pentachlorophenol (PCP) phytoremediation in soil. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Miller, J.L., E.P.H. Best, and S.L. Larson. Abstract: Degradation of explosives in ground water at the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant in flow-through systems planted with aquatic and wetland plants. (1997), Presentation 13. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
A 115-day study was conducted to quantify the ability of one submersed and one emergent plant species to phytoremediate explosives-contaminated ground water at the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant (VAAP), when planted in local sediment under flow-through conditions. Explosives levels of concern were; 2.7 mg L-1 TNT, 16 7 mg L-1 24DNT, 5.2 mg L-1 26DNT, 42.6 mg L-l 2NT, and 30.5 mg L-1 4NT Species evaluated were the submerged Elodea canadensis Rich. in Michx. (elodea) and the emergent Typha angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved cat-tail). Unplanted sediment irradiated by full sunlight or by sunlight without ultraviolet bandwidths served as controls. The hydraulic retention time was 7 days. The study was conducted from end-of-May to end-of-September 1996. Plant health was followed by visual observation.Of the initial two plant species tested, the submersed elodea failed to grow in VAAP water, but the emergent cat-tail succeeded in forming substantial biomass. Two submerged plant species were then selected for their tolerance for elevated TNT levels to replace elodea in the reactors, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (coontail) and Potamogeton nodosus Poir (American pondweed). They were planted in July; however, both failed to survive in VAAP water.The explosives degradation rates per L per day were generally higher in the reactors with cat-tail planted sediment than with unplanted sediment. The planted sediment reactors in full sunlight removed 22 g TNT, 104 g 24DNT and 38 9 26DNT (592-L system) over the 115-day operational period; the unplanted sediment reactors in full sunlight removed 34 9 TNT,779 24DNT and 62 9 26DNT(1071-L system); and the unplanted sediment reactors in LV-filtered sunlight removed 25 9 TNT, 34 9 24DNT and 26 9 26DNT (1071-L system).Of the explosives, only 2ADNT and 4ADNT (TNT degradation products), and 24DNT residues were recovered in the plant tissues.The explosives degradation rates found in the current field study are far higher than those reported for laboratory studies. Mechanisms of explosives degradation have been tentatively identified as plant- and microbe-based. Photolytic degradation of some explosives proved substantial and may have interacted with biotransformation. Overall toxicity of the ground water varied with plant species. Toxicity of the individual explosives compounds was not evaluated in the current study.

Miller, R.R. Phytoremediation. (1996), Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center. Pittsburgh, PA. October.

Mills, M.A., J.S. Bonner, T.J. McDonald, and R.L. Autenrieth. Bioremediation of an experimental oil spill in a wetland. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:355-360.

Min, B., S. Y. Choi and S. Lee. Effect of Cadmium Treatment on the Total Thiol Groups, Glutathione and Phytochelatin Contents in Oenanthe Javanica. (1997), Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology 40(3): 243-248.

Mishra, S., K. Shanker, and S. Prakash. A study on the uptake of trivalent and hexavalent chromium by paddy rice (Oryza sativa): Possible chemical modifications in rhizosphere. (1997), Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 62(1):53.

Misra, S., and L. Gedamn. Heavy metal tolerant transgenic Brassica napus L. and Nicotiana tabacum L. plants. (1989), Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:161-168.

Misra, S., I. Stefanoiv, D. Machander, J. Frank, and L. Gedamu. Poster Abstract: Transgenic plants for bioremediation of metal-contaminated soils. (1995), p. 120. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Misra, V., S. Pandey and P. Viswanathan. Effect of Humic Acid on the Bioavailability of Gamma- Hexachlorocyclohexane in Marsilea Minuta (L.). (2000), Environ. Monit. Assess. 61( 2): 229-235.

Miya, R. K. and M. K. Firestone. Phenanthrene-Degrader Community Dynamics in Rhizosphere Soil from a Common Annual Grass. (2000), Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 584-592.

Miya, R. K. and M. K. Firestone. Enhanced Phenanthrene Biodegradation in Soil by Slender Oat Root Exudates and Root Debris. (2001), J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1911-1918.

Moen, C., and H. McCleary. Indian firm's tree seed substance may be useful. (1994), Bioremed. Report. March.

Moffat, A.S. Plants proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup. (1995), Science. 269:302-303.

Moldan, B., and J.L. Schnoor. Czechoslovakia's environmental problems: A case study of central European environmental decline and plan for recovery. (1992), Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:14-21.

Molina, M., R. Araujo, and J.R. Bond. Abstract: Dynamics of oil degradation in coastal environments: Effects of bioremediation products and some environmental parameters. (1995), Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Evaluations, August 10-12, 1995, Rye Brook, NY. EPA/600/R-95/076.

Molloy, B.P. Observations on the ecology and conservation of Australopyrum calcis (Tririceae: Gramineae) in New Zealand. (1994), N.Z. J. Bot. 32(1):37-52.

Mondello, F. J., M. P. Turcich, J. H. Lobos and B. D. Erickson. Identification and Modification of Biphenyl Dioxygenase Sequences That Determine the Specificity of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Degradation. (1997), Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63(8): 3096-3103.

Montes-Bayon, M., D. L. LeDuc, N. Terry and J. A. Caruso. Selenium Speciation in Wild-Type and Genetically Modified Se Accumulating Plants with Hplc Separation and Icp-Ms/Es-Ms Detection. (2002), Journal Of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 17(8): 872-879.

Montgomery, R.J. Anaconda revegetation treatability study. (1994), pp. 125-140. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Morel, F.M.M., B.A. Ahner, and J. Gawel. Phytochelatin concentrations in pristine and polluted ecosystems. (1995), p. 67. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Morel, J. L., C. Leyval, C. Schwartz, L. Florentin and J. Berthelin. Fate of Trace Elements in the Soil-Plant System. (1998), Comptes Rendus de L'Academie D'Agriculture de France 84(5): 133-147.

Morel, J.L. Root exudates and metal mobilization. (1995), pp. 31-32. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Morgan, A.J., J.E. Morgan, M. Turner, C. Winters, and A. Yarwood. Metal relationships of earthworms. (1993), pp. 333-359. SETAC Special Publ Series: Ecotoxicol. of Metals in Invertebrates. Lewis.

Morrey, D.R., K. Balkwill, and M.J. Balkwill. Studies on serpentine flora: preliminary analyses of soils and vegetation associated with serpentinite rock formations in the south-eastern Transvaal. (1989), South African J. Bot. 55(2):171-177.

Morrey, D.R., K. Balkwill, M.J. Balkwill, and S. Williamson. A review of some studies of serpentine flora of Southern Africa. (1992), pp. 253-272. In A.J.M. Baker, J. Proctor, and R.D. Reeves (eds.), The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils. Intercept Ltd., Andover, Hants.

Morrison, R.S., R.R. Brooks, and R.D. Reeves. Nickel uptake by Alyssum species. (1980), Plant Sci. Lett. 17:451- 457.

Morrison, R.S., R.R. Brooks, R.D. Reeves, F. Malaisse, M. Aronson, and G. Merriam. The diverse chemical forms of heavy metals in tissue extracts of some metallophytes from Shaba Province, Zaire. (1981), Phytochem. 20:255-458.

Mougin, C. Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Industrial Pah-Polluted Soils. (2002), Polycycl Aromat Comp 22(5): 1011-1043.

Mueller, R.T., D. Goswami, and M.P. Brenner. Poster abstract: Innovative and emerging technologies - Multi-state initiatives to analyze regulatory and technical requirements, and redefining government roles in technology development. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Mueller, W.F., G.W. Bedell, S. Shojaee, and P.J. Jackson. Bioremediation of TNT wastes by higher plants. (1995), pp. 222-230. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.
The uptake and biotransformation of TNT was studied in cell suspension cultures and in whole plants of Datura innoxia and Lycopersicon peruvianum. In cell culture, TNT was rapidly removed from the growth medium and recovered from the cell extract in the form of a variety of biotransformation products resulting from nitroreduction, deamination, N-acetylation and side chain oxidation to aldehyde and carboxylic acid metabolites. Whole plants of the same species grew well in soils contaminated with TNT up to 750 ppm; at 1000 ppm TNT the Datura plants showed some signs of phytotoxicity, while the Lycopersicon plants were severely affected. Both species removed TNT from soil and stored its metabolites at levels up to thirty times higher than the TNT soil concentrations. After a two week growth period, only 4 to 9.2% of the applied TNT was found in the soils.

Mulford, M., and J.R. Shann. Poster Abstract: The impact of compost on metal bioavailability and toxicity in a contaminated soil system. (1995), p. 96. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Mulhern, D.W., R.J. Robel, J.C. .Furness, and D.L. Hensley. Vegetation of waste disposal areas at a coal-fired power plant in Kansas. (1989), J. Environ. Qual. 18:285-293.
Disposal of scrubber sludge and fly ash waste from coal-fired power plants is a costly problem for utilities. Current regulations call for the retired waste areas to be covered with topsoil, then seeded to produce a protective vegetative cap. We conducted field tests over a 3-yr period to determine if a vegetative cover could be established without first adding topsoil to waste sites. Seven herbaceous and six tree species were planted on scrubber sludge and bottom ash sites. These substrates were first amended with fertilizer, and then hay, woodchips, or cow (Bos taurus) manure. The bottom ash was not capable of supporting vegetative growth, even with amendment. Tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum, (Host) Beauv.], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.], yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), and Japanese millet [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] grew well on scrubber sludge, as did eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) and eastern red cedar trees (Juniperus virginiana L.). Generally, herbaceous plants grew best on scrubber sludge to which manure and fertilizer were added, and the trees survived and grew best on scrubber sludge amended with woodchips and fertilizer. This study demonstrates that a good vegetative cover can be produced on scrubber sludge waste areas without first covering them with topsoil.

Mulligan, C. N., R. N. Yong and B. F. Gibbs. Remediation Technologies for Metal-Contaminated Soils and Groundwater: An Evaluation. (2001), Engineering Geology 60(1-4): 193-207.

Munshower, F.F. Plant growth on ash disposal ponds. (1994), pp. 141-149. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Muralidharan, N. Experimental and modeling studies on bioremediation of organic contaminants in the presence of alfalfa plants. (1994), M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.

Muralidharan, N., L.C. Davis, and L.E. Erickson. Fate of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in a laboratory chamber with alfalfa plants. (1994), Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(9):2437-2446.

Muralidharan, N., L.C. Davis, and L.E. Erickson. Monitoring the fate of toluene and phenol in the rhizosphere. (1993), pp. 46-53. In R. Harrison (ed.), Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium, 1993, Norman, OK.

Muralidharan, N., L.C. Davis, J.C. Tracy, L.E. Erickson, and R.M. Green. Experimental and modeling studies of the fate of organic contaminants in the presence of alfalfa plants. (1995), J. Haz. Mat. 41:229-250.

Muralidharan, N., L.C. Davis, J.C. Tracy, L.E. Erickson, and R.M. Green. Abstract: Experimental and modeling studies of the fate of organic contaminants in the presence of alfalfa plants. (1994), p. 118. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Muralidharan, N., L.C. Davis, L.E. Erickson, R.M. Hoffman, R.M. Hammaker, and W.G. Fateley. Poster Abstract: Experimental studies of the fate of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in the presence of vegetation. (1995), p. 71. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Muralidharan, N., R.M. Green, L.E. Erickson, and L.C. Davis. A laboratory study of the fate of trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the presence of vegetation. (1994), pp. 110- 118.In Rob Davis (ed.), Proceedings of 24th Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium, 1994, Boulder, CO.

Muralidharan, N., R.M. Hoffman, L.C. Davis, L.E. Erickson, R.M. Hammaker, and W.G. Fateley. Abstract: Monitoring the fate of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene in a growth chamber with alfalfa plants. (1995), p. 218. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Muramoto, S., H. Nishizaki, and I. Aoyama. The critical levels and the maximum metal uptake for wheat and rice plants when applying metal oxides to soil. (1990), J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, Pest. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes. 25(2):273-280.

Murphy, A., and L. Taiz. Poster Abstract: Correlation between seedling copper-tolerance and metallothionein gene expression in ten Arabidopsis ecotypes. (1995), p. 128. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Murphy, C.E., and T.L. Johnson. Vegetative uptake of technetium-99 from buried, solidified, low-level radioactive waste. (1993), J. Environ. Qual. 19:793-799.

Murphy, J.F. Some effects of crude petroleum on nitrate production, seed germination, and growth. (1929), Soil Sci. 27:117-120.

Murthy, N.B.K., and K. Raghu. Soil bound residues of carbaryl and 1-naphthol: Release and mineralization in soil and uptake by plants. (1988), J. Environ. Sci. Health-Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes. B23:575-586.

Nair, D.R. Atrazine fate modeling and mineralization studies in soil-plant systems. (1991), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Nair, D.R., and J.L. Schnoor. Effect of soil conditions on model parameters and atrazine mineralization rates. (1994), Water Res.

Nair, D.R., and J.L. Schnoor. Modeling of alachlor and atrazine at a small plot in Amana, Iowa. (1990), pp. 89-112. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Nair, D.R., and J.L. Schnoor. Effect of two electron acceptors on atrazine mineralization rates in soil. (1992), Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(1):2298-2300.

Nair, D.R., J.G. Burken, L.A. Licht, and J.L. Schnoor. Mineralization and uptake of triazine pesticide in soil-plant systems. (1993), J. Environ. Eng. 119:842-854.

Namvargolian, R., J.W. Warner, T.W. Gates, P. Miller, and G. Comes. Fouling of groundwater recharge facilities. (1993), pp. 283-297. 6th Biennial Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, May 19-21, 1993, Scottsdale, AZ. USDA Water Conserv Lab/et al.

Nanda Kumar, P.B.A., S. Dushenkov, D.E. Salt, and I. Raskin. Crop Brassicas and phytoremediation - a novel environmental technology. (1994), Cruciferae Newsletter. 16:18-19.

Narayanan, M., L. Erickson and L. Davis. Simple Plant-Based Design Strategies for Volatile Organic Pollutants. (1999), Environmental Progress 18(4): 231-242.

Narayanan, M., L.C. Davis, and L.E. Erickson. Fate of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in a laboratory chamber with alfalfa plants. (1995), Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:2437-2444.

Narayanan, M., N. K. Russell, L. C. Davis and L. E. Erickson. Fate and Transport of Trichloroethylene in a Chamber with Alfalfa Plants. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(4).

Narayanan, M., N.K. Russell, L.C. Davis, and L.E. Erickson. Fate and transport of trichloroethylene in a chamber with alfalfa plants: Experimental and modeling studies. (1996), In Proceedings of the 1996 HSRC/WERC Joint Conference, Albuquerque, NM. Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center.

Nardi, S., F. Reniero, and G. Concheri. Soil organic matter mobilization by root exudates of three maize hybrids. (1997), Chemosphere. 35:10, 2237-2244.

Navari-Izzo, F. and M. F. Quartacci. Phytoremediation of Metals - Tolerance Mechanisms against Oxidative Stress. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(2): 73-83.

Nedelkoska, T. and P. Doran. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Uptake by Plant Species with Potential for Phytoremediation and Phytomining. (2000), Miner. Eng. 13(5): 549-561.

Nedelkoska, T. and P. Doran. Hyperaccumulation of Cadmium by Hairy Roots of Thlaspi Caerulescens. (2000), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67(5): 607-615.

Nedelkoska, T. V. and P. M. Doran. Hyperaccumulation of Nickel by Hairy Roots of Alyssum Species: Comparison with Whole Regenerated Plants. (2001), Biotechnology Progress 17(4): 752-759.

Nedunuri, K., R. Govindaraju, M. Banks, A. Schwab and Z. Chens. Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Field-Scale Degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. (2000), J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE 126(6): 483-490.

Negri, M.C. and Hinchman, R.R. Plants That Remove Contaminants From the Environment Laboratory Medicine. (1996), 27, 1, 36-40.

Negri, M.C., R.R. Hinchman, and E.G. Gatliff. Phytoremediation: Using green plants to clean up contaminated soil, groundwater, and wastewater. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Neidorf, R. Phytoremediation: phytechs hungry plants take up toxic metals. (1996), EI Digest Industrial and hazardous Waste management. April 1996.

Neitch, C. T., J. T. Morris and D. A. Vrblosky. Biophysical Mechanisms of Trichloroethene Uptake and Loss in Baldcypress Growing in Shallow Contaminated Groundwater. (1999), Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(17): 2899-2904.

Nelancon, P., G. Harvey, C. Giammona, and D. McMindes. Phytoremediation at military installations. (1997), The 4th International Petroleum Environmental Conference; Environmental Issues and Solutions in Exploration, Production, and Refining, September 9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX.

Nellessen, J.E. and J.S. Fletcher. A computer database on residues of xenobiotic organic chemicals and heavy metals in plants. (1992), J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 32, 144-148.

Nellessen, J.E., and J.S. Fletcher. Assessment of published literature on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of heavy metals by vascular plants. (1993), Chemosphere. 27:1669-1680.

Nellessen, J.E., and J.S. Fletcher. Assessment of published literature on the uptake/accumulation, translocation, adhesion and biotransformation of organic chemicals by vascular plants. (1993), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:2045-2052.

Nelson, S. Use of trees for hydraulic control of groundwater plumes. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. A USEPA unpublished meeting summary.

Neralla, S. and R. Weaver. Phytoremediation of Domestic Wastewater for Reducing Populations of Escherichia Coli and Ms-2 Coliphage. (2000), Environ. Technol. 21(6): 691-698.

Neralla, S., R. Weaver, T. Varvel and B. Lesikar. Phytoremediation and on-Site Treatment of Septic Effluents in Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands. (1999), Environ. Technol. 20(11): 1139-1146.

Neubauer, U., G. Furrer, A. Kayser and R. Schulin. Siderophores, Nta, and Citrate: Potential Soil Amendments to Enhance Heavy Metal Mobility in Phytoremediation. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(2).

Neuman, D.R., F.F. Munshower, D. Dollhopf, S. Jennings, and J. Goering. Abstract: Revegetation of streambank tailings, Silver Bow Creek, Montana. (1994), p. 150. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Neuman, D.R., F.F. Munshower, S.R. Jennings, and D.J. Dollhopf. Abstract: Phytostabilization of copper smelter tailings near Anaconda, Montana. (1997), Presentation 33. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
A phytostabilization treatability investigation was conducted at the Anaconda Smelter Superfund Site in southwestern Montana. Results of this metals immobilization/revegetation study will help define the alternatives for the cleanup of this area impacted by nearly 100 years of copper smelting. Laboratory tests to assess ameliorative effects of several chemical and biological amendments and greenhouse trials to select tolerant plant species were conducted prior to construction of field demonstration plots at five different areas impacted by the smelting processes. Two of these experimental plots were located on the acid producing, low pH smelter tailings known as the Opportunity Ponds and the Anaconda Ponds. Combinations of lime products (CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2), composted organic matter, and smelter slag were incorporated into the tailings to a depth of approximately 20 inches (50 cm) using specialized equipment. Selected grasses and legumes were seeded in the spring of 1995. In addition, shrub and tree seedlings were planted. Monitoring consisted of measurements of root zone hydrology, amended tailings chemical environment, erosion, and vegetation response. Measurements of vegetation cover as well as shrub and tree mortality were recorded. Measurements of tailings acidity and water soluble metal and arsenic levels both on and off the experimental plots have been determined. Instruments to measure water content and movement within the root zone were installed. Simulated rainfall/runoff tests defined the quality and quantity of surface waters affected by the phytostabilization of these tailings.

Neunhauserer, C., M. Berreck and H. Insam. Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Molybdenum Using Soil Amendments and Phytoremediation. (2001), Water Air & Soil Pollution 128(1-2): 85-96.

Newman, L. A., X. P. Wang, et al. Remediation of Trichloroethylene in an Artificial Aquifer with Trees: A Controlled Field Study. (1999), Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(13): 1157-2265.

Newman, L., A. Wilson, S. Strand, P. Heilman and M. Gordon. Phytoremediation of Methyl-T-Butyl Ether (Mtbe). (2000), Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 219: 232-ENVR.

Newman, L., S. Doty, et al. Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants: A Review of Phytoremediation Research at the University of Washington. (1998), J. Soil Contam. 7(4): 531-542.

Newman, L.A., C. Bod, N. Choe, R. Crampton, R. Cortellucci, D. Domroes, S. Doty, J. Duffy, G. Ekuan, D. Fogel, R. Hashmonay, P. Heilman, D. Martin, I.A. Muiznieks, T. Newman, M. Ruszaj, T. Shang, B. Shurtleff, S. Stanley, S.E. Strand, X. Wang, J. Wilmoth, M. Yost, and M.P Gordon. Abstract: Phytoremediation of trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride: Results from bench to field. (1997), Presentation 55. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Remediation of contaminated sites using plants, or phytoremediation, is one of the most promising new technologies for remediation. As with any new technology, solid data concerning the efficacy of this needs to be produced before commercial groups are willing to implement the technology. This work shows that axenic poplar cell cultures produced from hybrid poplar H-11-11 (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) are capable of independently oxidizing trichloro-ethylene (TCE) to expected metabolites. It also demonstrates that young rooted cuttings, when placed in metabolic chambers, are capable of taking up and transpiring both TCE and carbon tetrachloride (CT). These tests were then stepped up to a pilot scale remediation project that allows for the testing of multiple species of trees and contaminants under field conditions closely simulating what would be seen on a contaminated site. Two different trees are currently tested on the site, H-11-11 and Black Locust sp. The hybrid poplars were exposed to TCE for two growing seasons, and to CT for one growing season. After two years exposure to TCE, the data shows that hybrid poplars were able to remove over 97% of the TCE from the water stream. Additionally, at dose concentrations up to 50ppm, there is no apparent affect on the growth of the trees. Tissue analysis shows only low levels of accumulation of TCE metabolism intermediates. At the end of the one-year exposure to CT, the trees were capable of removing 95% of CT from the water stream. However, there was a higher susceptibility to the toxic effects of CT. Measurements of transpiration levels of both compounds are much lower than seen in the bench scale studies. Black locusts have been exposed to TCE for one growing season, and these studies will continue to better determine their field applicability. Continued use of bench and pilot scale facilities will allow the testing of different species of plants challenged with a wide range of chemicals.

Newman, L.A., S.E. Strand, and M.P. Gordon. Uptake and biotransformation of trichloroethylene by hybrid poplars. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(4):1062.

Newman, L.A., S.E. Strand, D. Domroes, J. Duffy, G. Ekuan, G. Karscig, I.A. Muiznieks, M. Ruszaj, P. Heilman, and M.P. Gordon. Abstract: Removal of trichlorethylene from a simulated aquifer using poplar. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:321.

Newman, L.A., S.E. Strand, N. Choe, J. Duffy, G. Ekuan, M. Ruszaj, B.B. Shurtleff, J. Wilmoth, P. Heilman and M.P. Gordon. Uptake and biotransformation of Trichloroethylene by hybrid poplars. (1997), Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:1062-1067.
Poplar trees were found to be capable of taking up trichloroethylene (TCE) and degrading it to several known metabolic products: trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid. Poplars were also shown to transpire TCE in measurable amounts. To eliminate the possibility that the degradation we observed was produced solely by rhizosphere organisms, axenic poplar tumor cell cultures were tested; the cultures produced the same intermediate metabolic products. When dosed with [14C]TCE, cell cultures also produced low levels of radiolabeled carbon dioxide and a labeled insoluble residue. These results show that significant TCE uptake and biotransformation occurs in poplar, which demonstrates the potential for the use of poplars for in situ remediation of TCE.

Newman, L.A., S.L. Doty, K.L. Gery, P.E. Heilman, I. Muiznieks, T.Q. Shang, S.T. Siemieniec, S.E. Strand, X. Wang, A.M. Wilson, and M.P. Gordon. Phytoremediation of organic contaminants: A review of phytoremediation research at the University of Washington. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 531-542, July 1998.

Newman, L.A., S.L. Doty, S.E. Strand, P.E. Heilman, and M.P. Gordon. An overview of phytoremediation of both halogenated and non-halogenated organic compounds. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

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Nzengung, V. A., L. N. Wolfe, D. E. Rennels, S. C. McCutcheon and C. Wang. Use of Aquatic Plants and Algae for Decontamination of Waters Polluted with Chlorinated Alkanes. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 1(3).

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Olexa, T. J., T. J. Gentry, P. G. Hartel, D. C. Wolf, J. J. Fuhrmann and C. M. Reynolds. Mycorrhizal Colonization and Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Annual Ryegrass Grown in Pyrene-Amended Soils. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(3): 213-231.

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Pavlostathis, S. and G. H. Jackson. Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Anebaena Ps. Cultures. (1999), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(3): 412-419.

Pavlostathis, S., K. Comstock, M. Jacobson and F. Saunders. Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the Aquatic Plant Myriophyllum Spicatum. (1998), Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(11): 2266-2273.

Pawlawska, T., J. Leung, and I. Charvat. Poster Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing plants introduced at heavy metal contaminated landfill. (1995), p. 97. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Pawlowska, T., R. Chaney, L. Chin and I. Charvat. Effects of Metal Phytoextraction Practices on the Indigenous Community of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at a Metal- Contaminated Landfill. (2000), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(6): 2526-2530.

Pearce, J. Plants may help reclaim 'brownfields' from industrial pollution. (1996), The Detroit News. February 12.

Pearl, M. Technologies for Remediating Radioactively Contaminated Land. (2000), Nucl. Energy-J. Br. Nucl. Energy Soc. 39(2): 107-112.

Pence, N., P. Larsen, S. Ebbs, D. Letham, M. Lasat, D. Garvin, D. Eide and L. Kochian. The Molecular Physiology of Heavy Metal Transport in the Zn/Cd Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi Caerulescens. (2000), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97(9): 4956-4960.

Peot, C. and D. Thompson. Compost use in wetland restoration. (1996), BioCycle. 37,1,65-66.

Pera, A., M. Giovannetti, M. De Bertoldi, and G. Vallini. The influence of sewage sludge application on physical and biological properties of soils (land application of sludge: effects on soil microflora). (1983), CEC Report Eur 8023 (Reidel) p. 208-229.

Peralta, J. R., J. L. Gardea-Torresdey, K. J. Tiemann, E. Gomez, S. Arteaga, E. Rascon and J. G. Parsons. Uptake and Effects of Five Heavy Metals on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.). (2001), Bulletin of Environmental Conamination and Toxicology 66(6): 727-734.

Perkovich, B.S., T.A. Anderson, E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Enahnced mineralization of [14C] atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site. (1996), Pestic. Sci. 46, 391-396.

Perkovich, B.S., T.A. Anderson, E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats. Enhanced mineralization of 14C atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizosphere soil from a pesticide contaminated site. (1996), Pestic. Sci. 46:391.

Perronnet, K., C. Schwartz, E. Gerard and J. Morel. Availability of Cadmium and Zinc Accumulated in the Leaves of Thlaspi Caerulescens Incorporated into Soil. (2000), PLANT SOIL 227(1-2): 257-263.

Peterson, C. E. J. and R. A. Mickler. Considerations for Evaluating Controlled Exposure Studies of Tree Seedlings. (1994), 23: 257-267.

Peterson, H.B. Vegetation and metal toxicity in relation to mine and mill wastes; an annotated bibliography useful in evaluating available literature. (1967), Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Peterson, M., G.L. Horst, P.J. Shea, and S.D. Comfort. Poster Abstract: Effects of TNT and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene on tall fescue germination and early seedling development. (1995), p. 304. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 23-24, 1995, Manhattan, KS.

Peterson, M.M., G.L. Horst, G.L., P.J. Shea, and S.D. Comfort. Germination and seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. (1998), Environ. Poll. 99(1):53-59.

Peterson, M.M., G.L. Horst, P.J. Shea, and S.D. Comfort. Germination and seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. (1998), Environmental Pollution. 99:1, 53-59.

Peterson, M.M., G.L. Horst, P.J. Shea, S.D. Comfort, and R.K.D. Peterson. TNT and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene influence on germination and early seedling development of tall fescue. (1996), Environ. Pollut. 93:57-62.

Peterson, S.B. The role of plants in ecologically engineered wastewater treatment systems. (1996), Ecol. Eng. 6:137-148.

Petrisor, I.G., K. Komnitsas and I. Lazar. Application of vegetative cover for remediation of sulphidic tailings dumps on a romanian Black Sea Coast area. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Pfender, W.F. Bioremediation bacteria to protect plants in pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25:1256-1260.
Plants may be useful in stabilization and remediation of polluted surface soils, but phytotoxicity and plant bioconcentration of some pollutants can interfere with plant-associated site remediation. Pseudomonas strain SR3, when applied to seeds of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), protected the growing plants from phytotoxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the soil during a 4-wk growth-chamber study. Untreated plants in the contaminated soil grew very poorly. In soil receiving the bacteria-treated seed, PCP was reduced from 175 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg. When bacteria were mixed thoroughly into the soil at 5 X 106 cfu/g, in the absence of plants, PCP was likewise reduced from 175 to 5 mg/kg. PCP in soil with noninoculated plants remained at the initial level (165 mg/kg extractable PCP). Roots without applied bacteria concentrated PCP from the soil into root tissue to a ratio of 13:1 (final root concentration/initial soil concentration), whereas the bacteria-treated roots concentrated PCP at a ratio of 0.09:1.

Pflugmacher, S. and H. Sandermann. Taxonomic Distribution of Plant Glucosyltransferases Acting on Xenobiotics. (1998), Phytochemistry 49(2): 507-511.

Phillips, D.A., C.M. Joseph, and P.R. Hirsch. Occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils. (1997), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(11):4573-4577.

Phillips, T. A., J. B. Belden, K. L. D. Henderson and J. R. Coats. Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil Using a Mixture and Individual Prairie Grasses. (2002), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, WASHINGTON.

Pichtel, J, and C.A. Salt. Vegetative growth and trace metal accumulation on metalliferous wastes. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Pichtel, J. and P. Liskanen. Degradation of Diesel Fuel in Rhizosphere Soil. (2001), Environmental Engineering Science 18(3): 145-157.

Pichtel, J., K. Kuroiwa and H. Sawyerr. Distribution of Pb, Cd and Ba in Soils and Plants of Two Contaminated Sites. (2000), Environ. Pollut. 110(1): 171-178.

Pickering, I., R. Prince, M. George, R. Smith, G. George and D. Salt. Reduction and Coordination of Arsenic in Indian Mustard. (2000), Plant Physiol. 122(4): 1171-1177.

Pierzynski, G. M., J. L. Schnoor, A. Youngman, L. Licht and L. E. Erickson. Poplar Trees for Phytostabilization of Abandoned Zinc-Lead Smelter. (2002), Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 6(3): 177-183.

Pierzynski, G.M. Remediation strategies for trace-element contaminated sites. (1993), In D.C. Adriano (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements: Advances in Environmental Sciences, 1993.

Pierzynski, G.M., and A.P. Schwab. Reducing heavy metal availability to soybeans grown on a metal contaminated soil. (1992), pp. 543-553. In L.E. Erickson, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, June 1-2, 1992, Boulder, CO. Engineering Extension, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Pierzynski, G.M., and A.P. Schwab. Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium, and lead in a metal contaminated alluvial soil. (1993), J. Environ. Qual. 22:247-254.

Pierzynski, G.M., and A.P. Schwab. Reducing heavy metal availability to perennial grasses and row-crops grown on contaminated soils and mine spoils. (1991), In Program Summary FY 1991, Hazardous Substance Research Centers Program. USEPA 21R-1005.

Pierzynski, G.M., J.L. Schnoor, M.K. Banks, J.C. Tracy, L.A. Licht, and L.E. Erickson. Vegetative remediation at Superfund Sites. (1994), Mining and Its Environ. Impact (Royal Soc. Chem. Issues in Environ. Sci. Technol. 1). pp. 49-69.

Pilegaard, K., and I. Johnsen. Heavy metal uptake from air and soil by transplanted plants of Achillea millefolium and Hordeum vulgare. (1984), Ecol. Bull. 36:97-102.

Pilon Smits, E., M. Desouza, C. Lytle, C. Shang, T. Lugo and N. Terry. Selenium Volatilization and Assimilation by Hybrid Poplar (Populus Tremula X Alba). (1998), J. Exp. Bot. 49(328): 1889-1892.

Pilon, S. E. and M. Pilon. Phytoremediation of Metals Using Transgenic Plants. (2002), Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 21(5): 439-456.

Pilon-Smits, E. and M. Pilon. Breeding Mercury-Breathing Plants for Environmental Cleanup. (2000), Trends Plant Sci. 5(6): 235-236.

Pilon-Smits, E., M. P. de Souza, G. Hong, A. Amini, R. Bravo, S. Payabyab and N. Terry. Selenium Volatilization and Accumulation by Twenty Aquatic Plant Species. (1999), Journal of Environmental Quality 28(3): 1011-1018.

Pineros, M., J. Shaff and L. Kochian. Development, Characterization, and Application of a Cadmium-Selective Microelectrode for the Measurement of Cadmium Fluxes in Roots of Thlaspi Species and Wheat. (1998), Plant Physiology (Rockville) 116(4): 1393-1401.

Piotrowski, M.R. Bioremediation: Testing the waters. (1989), Civ. Eng. 59(8):51-54.

Pivetz, B., R. Cochran, and S. Huling. Abstract: Phytoremediation of PCP and PAH-contaminated soil. (1997), Poster 54. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Phytoremediation may be a treatment option or final cover/capping alternative at wood preserving waste sites containing soils contaminated by pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A vegetative cover established on contaminated soil will minimize fugitive dust/contaminant emissions, surface soil erosion and contaminant runoff, and exposure pathways, and may enhance rhizodegradation (enhanced biodegradation of soil contaminants in the root zone). However, PCP has been used in the past as a herbicide and may have an inhibitory effect on phytoremediation attempts at these waste sites. The study evaluated contaminant impact on the germination and growth of different grass species over a wide PCP and PAH concentration range and whether or not rhizodegradation was enhanced by the vegetative cover. The identified grass species may be useful to enhance PCP and PAH biodegradation or to establish a vegetative cap.A greenhouse study indicated that germination of prairie grasses in soil obtained from a wood preserving waste site was strongly inhibited at 400 to 4200 mg/kg PCP and 1450 to 16,700 mg/kg PAHs. An inverse relationship was observed between the PCP and PAH concentrations and the seed germination and growth. Germination and growth were greatest at the lowest concentration of 38 mg/kg PCP and 75 mg/kg PAHs; however, germination and growth did occur at concentrations up to 840 mg/kg PCP and 3100 mg/kg PAHs. A laboratory study examined rhizodegradation and growth rates of eight species of prairie grasses, fescues, and wheatgrasses in soils contaminated with PCP (55 to 320 mg/kg) and PAHs (270 to 1200 mg/kg). Contaminant concentrations and microbial numbers were monitored to determine which grasses best enhanced microbial degradation. Germination rates decreased with increasing contaminant concentration. Fescues generally had the highest germination rates, tallest plants, and greatest biomass. Significant PCP and PAH loss occurred in all vegetated soil and non-vegetated control soil. Lower concentrations occurred in some of the soils with vegetation; however, rhizodegradation was not conclusively demonstrated, perhaps due to a need for a longer time period to establish an extensive rhizosphere. Grasses can be successfully established as a cover in soils contaminated with relatively low PCP and PAH concentrations and may have contributed to somewhat greater contaminant biodegradation.

Pivetz, B.E. Emerging Technology -- Phytoremediation. (1998), In Dupont, R.R., C.J. Bruell, D.C. Downey, S.G. Huling, M.C. Marley, R.D. Norris, and B.E. Pivetz. 1998. Innovative Site Remediation Technology, Design & Application, Volume 1, Bioremediation. American Academy of Environmental Engineers. pp. 4-97 to 4-120. Also published with same title as EPA 542-B-97-004, May 1998.

Plaehn, W.A., X. Zhao, T.C. Voice, and B.E. Dale. Dissolved organic matter impact on the desorption rate and mineralization rate of naphthalene. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:361-366.

Polette, L., J. Gardea-Torresdey, R. Chianelli, G. George, I. Pickering and J. Arenas. Xas and Microscopy Studies of the Uptake and Bio-Transformation of Copper in Larrea Tridentata (Creosote Bush). (2000), MICROCHEM J 65(3): 227-236.

Polette, L.A., J.L. Gardea-Torresdey, and T.T. Chianelli. Abstract: Determining copper and lead binding in Larrea tridentata through chemical modification and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. (1997), Presentation 3. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Metal contamination in soils has become a widespread problem. Emerging technologies, such as phytoremediation, may offer low cost cleanup methods. We have identified a desert plant, Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) which naturally grows and uptakes copper and lead from a contaminated area near a smelting operation. In an effort to understand its potential use as a phytoremediating shrub, the role of carboxyl, sulfhydryl, and amino groups on copper and lead binding were examined. We determined, through chemical modification of carboxyl groups with methanol, that these functional groups are responsible for a portion of copper binding. In contrast, lead binding was minimally affected by modification of carboxyl groups. Additionally, chemical modification of sulfhydryl and amino groups minimally affected either copper or lead binding. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies conducted at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) further support copper binding to oxygen-coordinated ligands and also imply that the binding is not due to phytochelatins. The EXAFS data indicates the presence of both Cu-O and Cu-S backscatters, no short Cu-Cu interactions, but with significant Cu-Cu backscattering at 3.7+ (unlike phytochelatins with predominantly Cu-S coordination and short Cu-Cu interactions at 2.7+). Cu EXAFS of roots and leaves also vary depending on the level of heavy metal contamination environment from which the various creosote samples were obtained. Spectra are consistent, however, with the presence of both cuprous and cupric copper in both the roots and leaves, with a larger fraction of cuprous copper in the leaf tissue. Contrastly, Pb XANES data of roots and leaves of creosote collected from different contaminated sites indicate no difference in valence states or ligand coordination. Additional XANES and EXAFS of copper and lead binding will be presented.

Polge, N.D., and M. Barrett. Temperature effects on imazaquin soil bioavailability, uptake, and metabolism in corn (Zea mays). (1997), Weed Sci. 45(2):198.

Pollard, A. Metal Hyperaccumulation: A Model System for Coevolutionary Studies. (2000), New Phytol. 146(2): 179-181.

Pollard, A. J., K. D. Powell, F. A. Harper and J. A. C. Smith. The Genetic Basis of Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants. (2002), Crit Rev Plant Sci 21(6): 539-566.

Pollard, A.J. Ecology and evolution of hyperaccumulation in natural populations: Implications for phytoremediation of metals. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Pollard, A.J. Ecological genetics of metal hyperaccumulation in natural plant populations. (1995), pp. 59-60. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Pollard, A.J., and A.J.M. Baker. Quantitative genetics of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens. (1996), New Phytologist. 132:113-118.

Polprasert, C., N.P. Dan, and N. Thayalakumaran. Application of constructed wetlands to treat some toxic wastewaters under tropical conditions. (1996), Water Sci. Technol. 34:165.

Poschenrieder, C., J. Bech, M. Llugany, A. Pace, E. Fenes and J. Barcelo. Copper in Plant Species in a Copper Gradient in Catalonia (North East Spain) and Their Potential for Phytoremediation. (2001), Plant & Soil 230(2): 247-256.

Powell, R.L., E.M. Moser, and R.A. Kimerle. A plant bioassay for assessing phytoremediation potential of emergent macrophytes. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Pradhan, S.P. Phytoremediation of MGP site soils. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Pradhan, S.P., J.R. Conrad, J.R. Paterek, and V.J. Sriastava. Potential of phytoremediation for treatment of PAHs in soils at MGP sites. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 467-480.

Pradhan, S.P., J.R. Conrad, J.R. Paterek, and V.J. Srivastava. Poster abstract: Cleanup of MGP site soils using phytoremediation. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Prasad, M. Metal-Biomolecule Complexes in Plants - Occurence, Functions, and Applications. (1998), Analysis 26(6): M25-M28.

Prasad, M. N. V., M. Greger and T. Landberg. Acacia Nilotica L. Bark Removes Toxic Elements from Solution: Corroboration from Toxicity Bioassay Using Salix Viminalis L. In Hydroponic System. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(3).

Predieri, S., J. Figaj, L. Rachwal, E. Gatti and F. Rapparini. Selection of Woody Species with Enhanced Uptake Capacity: The Case-Study of Niedwiady Resort Pollution by Pesticides Stored in Bunkers. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(2): 111-116.

Price, R. A., J. C. Pennington, S. L. Larson, D. Naumann and C. A. Hayes. Plant Uptake of Explosives from Contaminated Soil and Irrigation Water at the Former Nebraska Ordanance Plant, Mead, Nebraska. (1997). Kansas City, MO, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station: 63.

Pulford, I. D., C. Watson and S. D. McGregor. Uptake of Chromium by Trees: Prospects for Phytoremediation. (2001), Environ. Geochem. & Health 23(3): 307-311.

Pulford, I. D., D. Riddell-Black and C. Stewart. Heavy Metal Uptake by Willow Clones from Sewage Sludge-Treated Soil: The Potential for Phytoremediation. (2002), Int J Phytoremediat 4(1): 59-72.

Pulford, I.D., S.D. McGregor, H.J. Duncan, and C.T. Wheeler. Uptake of heavy metals from contaminated soil by trees. (1995), pp. 49-50. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Punshon, T. and N. Dickinson. Heavy Metal Resistance and Accumulation Characteristics in Willows. (1999), International Journal of Phytoremediation 01(4).

Punshon, T., and N.M. Dickenson. Acclimation of Salix to metal stress. (1997), New Phytol. 137(2):303.

Punz, W.F., and H. Sieghardt. The response of roots of herbaceous plant species to heavy metals. (1993), Environ. Exp. Bot. 33(1):85-98.

Puschenreiter, M., G. Stoger, E. H. Lombi, O. and W. W. Wenzel. Phytoextraction of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils with Thlaspi Goesingense and Amaranthus Hybridus: Rhizosphere Manipulation Using Edta and Ammonium Sulfate. (2001), J. Plant Nutrition & Soil Science 164(6): 615-621.

Qadir, M. and J. D. Oster. Vegetative Bioremediation of Calcareous Sodic Soils: History, Mechanisms, and Evaluation. (2002), Irrigation Science 21(3): 91-101.

Qadir, M., A. Ghafoor and G. Murtaza. Use of Saline-Sodic Waters through Phytoremediation of Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soils. (2001), Agricultural Water Management 50(3): 197-210.

Qaisi, K.M., K.S. Ro, D. Reible, L.J. Thibodeaux, K.T. Valsaraj and W.D. Constant. Transport process of TNT from flooded highly contaminated surface soil bed. (1996), J. Environ. Sci. Health. A31(10):2515.

Qian, J., A. Zayed, Y. Zhu, M. Yu and N. Terry. Phytoaccumulation of Trace Elements by Wetland Plants: Iii. Uptake and Accumulation of Ten Trace Elements by Twelve Plant Species. (1999), Journal of Environmental Quality 28(5): 1448-1455.

Qiu, X., S.I. Shah, E.W. Kendall, D.L. Sorensen, R.C. Sims, and M.C. Engelke. Grass-enhanced bioremediation for clay soils contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. (1994), pp. 142-157. In T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.), Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology, ACS Symposium Series, Volume 563. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Qiu, X., T.W. Leland, S.I. Shah, D.L. Sorensen, and E.W. Kendall. Field study: Grass remediation for clay soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Quartacci, M. F., E. Cosi and F. Navari-Izzo. Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium in Brassicaceae. (2001), Minerva Biotechnologica 13(2): 97-101.

Quinn, J. J., M. C. Negri, R. R. Hinchman, L. P. Moos, J. B. Wozniak and E. G. Gatliff. Predicting the Effect of Deep-Rooted Hybrid Poplars on the Groundwater Flow System at a Large-Scale Phytoremediation Site. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(1).

R.R. Brooks (ed.). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. (1998), CAB International Publishing (Oxford University Press).

Radwan, S. S., H. Al-Awadhi and I. M. El-Nemr. Cropping as a Phytoremediation Practice for Oily Desert Soil with Reference to Crop Safety as Food. (2000), International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(4): 383-396.

Radwan, S., H. Al-Awadhi, N. Sorkhoh and I. El-Nemr. Rhizopsheric Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Microorganisms as Potential Contributors to Phytoremediation for the Oily Kuwaiti Desert. (1998), Microbiol. Res. 153(3): 247-251.

Radwan, S.S., N.A. Sorkhoh, and A.F. El-Desouky. A feasibility study on seeding as a bioremediation practice for the oily Kuwaiti desert. (1997), J. Applied Microbiology. 83:353.

Radwan, S.S., N.A. Sorkhoh, and I. El-Nemr. Oil biodegradation around roots. (1995), Nature. 376:302.

Raloff, J. Greenery filters out indoor air pollution. (1989), Sci. News. 136:212.

Ramirez, S., A. Porta and N. Caffini. Phytochelatins and Related Peptides. Structure, Metabolic Rol and Environmental Applications. (1999), Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 18(1): 53-63.

Ramswami, A., J. Vollbrecht, and M.A. Marquina. Investigation of uranium238 uptake by plants. (1996), pp. 499-501. In Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VIII, 1996 Extended Abstracts for the Special Symposium, Birmingham, Alabama, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society, September 9-11, 1996.

Randall, M. Poster Abstract: Plant uptake of heavy metals. (1995), p. 111. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Rangsayatorn, N., E. S. Upatham, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook and G. R. Lanza. Phytoremediation Potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) Platensis: Biosorption and Toxicity Studies of Cadmium. (2002), Envrion. Pollution 119(1): 45-53.

Ranieri. Detoxificant Enzymes in Pumpkin Grown in Polluted Ambient Air. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23: 360-364.

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Raskin, I. Phytoremediation and mechanisms of metal accumulation in plants. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Raskin, I. Phytoremediation - green and clean. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:88-AGRO.

Raskin, I. Abstract: Making phytoremediation work. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Raskin, I. Plant genetic engineering may help with environmental cleanup. (1996), In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93(8):3164-3166.

Raskin, I. Phytoremediation of metals - Green and clean. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

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Raskin, I., P.B.A. Nanda Kumar, S. Dushenkov, M.J. Blaylock, and D. Salt. Abstract: Phytoremediation - using plants to clean up soils and waters contaminated with toxic metals. (1994), Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Division Special Symposium, Volume I, September 19-21, 1994, Atlanta, GA.

Raskin, I., R.D. Smith and D.E. Salt. Phytoremediation of metals: Using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. (1997), Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8(2):221-226.

Raskin, I., S. Dushenkov, N.P.B.A. Kumar, and D.E. Salt. Rhizofiltration - using plants for remediation of heavy metals in water. (1995), pp. 61-62. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Rathbone, K., M.K. Banks, P. Kulakow, and A.P. Schwab. Abstract: Sorghum variety impact on to biodegradation of diesel fuel contaminated soil. (1997), Presentation 50. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO.
Increased root surface area and plant exudates are suggested to promote microbial activity in the rhizosphere. By using the rhizosphere of the plant to enhance the microbial activity, bioremediation should also be increased. Different species of Sorghum bicolor were studied based on their exudate production to increase bioremediation of synthetic diesel fuel. Four varieties of Sorghum bicolor were chosen based on striga resistance (a destructive root parasite) and nitrogen efficiency, so differences in rooting characteristics could be observed. These varieties were planted in a sandy loam soil contaminated with 0.25% synthetic diesel fuel. Three time periods were used for harvesting samples: 5-leaf stage, flowering, and maturation. Plant uptake and the soil degradation of diesel fuel will be presented and discussed. Results from this study will help assess important root characteristics for plants during phytoremediation.

Rauser, W.E. Metal-binding peptides in plants. (1993), pp. 239-251. In L.J. De Kok (ed.), Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Rauser, W.E. Phytochelatins and related peptides. (1995), Plant Physiol. 109:1141-1149.

Rauser, W.E. The heavy metal-binding peptides of plants. (1990), Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 41:553-575.

Reddy, B.R. and N. Sethunathan. Mineralization of parathion in the rice rhizosphere. (1983), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:826-829.

Reddy, K.R., and W.F. DeBusk. Nutrient removal potential of selected aquatic macrophytes. (1985), J. Environ. Qual. 14:459-462.
The role of eight aquatic macrophytes in removing N and P from nutrient enriched waters was evaluated using microcosm retention ponds. The aquatic macrophytes included water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata), duckweeds (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza), azolla (Azolla caroliniana), salvinia (Salvinia rotundifolia), and a submersed macrophyte, egeria (Egeria densa). Nitrogen removal by aquatic macrophyte systems was in the order of water hyacinth > water lettuce > pennywort > Lemna > Salvinia > Spirodela > egeria during the summer season, while pennywort ranked first during the winter followed by water hyacinth, Lemna, water lettuce, Spirodela, Salvinia, and egeria. Phosphorus removal in summer was highest by water hyacinth and egeria systems, while pennywort and Lemna showed high P removal rates during the winter compared to other plants. Nitrogen and P removal were generally higher in summer than winter. Plant uptake accounted for 16 to 75% of total N removal, and 12 to 73% of total P removal, indicating the possibility of N and P removal by the mechanisms other than assimilation by plans.

Reeves, R., C. Schwartz, J. Morel and J. Edmondson. Distribution and Metal-Accumulating Behavior Ofthlaspi Caerulescensand Associated Metallophytes in France. (2001), International Journal of Phytoremediation 3(2).

Reeves, R.D. Chemical aspects of metal hyperaccumulation. (1995), pp. 9-10. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Reeves, R.D. Nickel and zinc accumulation by species of Thlaspi L., Cochlearia L., and other genera of the Brassicaceae. (1988), Taxon. 37:309-318.

Reeves, R.D. The hyperaccumulation of nickel by serpentine plants. (1992), pp. 253-277. In A.J.M. Baker, J. Proctor, and R.D. Reeves (eds.), The Ecology of Ultramafic Serpentine Soils. Intercept Ltd., Andover, Hants.

Reeves, R.D., A.J.M. Baker, A. Borhidi, and T. Berazain. Nickel-accumulating plants from the ancient serpentine soils of Cuba. (1996), New Phytologist.

Reeves, R.D., A.J.M. Baker, and R.R. Brooks. Abnormal accumulation of trace metal by plants. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3:4-8.

Reeves, R.D., and A.J.M. Baker. Studies on metal uptake by plants from serpentine and non-serpentine populations of Thlaspi goesingense Halacsy (Cruciferae). (1984), New Phytologist. 98:191-204.

Reeves, R.D., and R.R. Brooks. Hyperaccumulation of lead and zinc by two metallophytes from mining areas of central Europe. (1983), Environ. Pollut. Ser. A. 31:277-285.

Reeves, R.D., J. Lee, C.R. Boswell, and R.R. Brooks. Soil factors controlling a New Zealand serpentine flora. (1975), Plant Soil. 42(1):153.

Reeves, R.D., R.M. MacFarlane, and R.R. Brooks. Accumulation of nickel and zinc by western North American genera containing serpentine-tolerant species. (1983), Am. J. Bot. 70(9):1297-1303.

Reeves, R.D., R.R. Brooks, and R.M. MacFarlane. Nickel uptake by California Streptanthus and Caulanthus with particular reference to the hyperaccumulator S. polygaloides Gray (Brassicaceae). (1981), Am. J. Bot. 68(5):708-712.

Reeves, R.D., R.R. Brooks, and T.R. Dudley. Uptake of nickel by species of Alyssum, Bornmuellera and other genera of old world Tribus alyssaeae. (1983), Taxon. 32:184-192.

Reible, D.D. HSRCs have many resources to fix complex EPA problems. (1997), Centerpoint. 3(2):10.

Reilley, K. A., M. K. Banks and A. P. Schwab. Organic Chemicals in the Environment: Dissipation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydroarbons in the Rhizosphere. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25(March-April): 212-219.

Reilley, K.A. Dissipation of anthracene and pyrene in the rhizosphere. (1993), M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Reilley, K.A., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. (1996), J. Environ. Qual. 25:212-219.
Residual contamination of soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an environmental problem for many industrial operations, including the petroleum industry. Petroleum sludges high in PAHs are often treated through landfarming in which soil is mixed with sludge, kept bare of vegetation, tilled, and fertilized to encourage microbial degradation of the contaminants. However, recent research has demonstrated that plants can enhance the dissipation of organic pollutants in the immediate environment of the root (rhizosphere). The use of vegetation to increase the degradation of two common PAH contaminants, anthracene and pyrene, was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Target compounds were added to a contaminated, land-farmed soil and a similar uncontaminated soil at a rate of 100 mg/kg. Four plant species were grown in each soil; after 4, 6, 16, and 24 wk of plant growth, soil and plant material were sampled and analyzed for the target PAHs. Vegetated soils had significantly lower concentrations of the PAHs than the unvegetated soils, ranging from 30 to 44% more degradation in the vegetated soils. Enhanced biological degradation in the rhizosphere appears to be a mechanism of dissipation. Leaching, plant uptake, abiotic degradation, mineralization to CO2, and irreversible sorption were shown to be insignificant in the overall mass balance of the target compounds. The presence of plants may enhance the clean-up of PAH-contaminated soils during in situ remediation.

Reilley, K.A., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab. Dissipation of anthracene and pyrene in the rhizosphere. (1993), p. 331. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 25-26, 1993, Manhattan, KS.

Reinhard, M. Enhanced in situ anaerobic bioremediation of fuel-contaminated ground water. (1997), Ground Water Currents. EPA 542-N-97-006.

Reynolds, C. M. Response to the Letter from Brown, Miller, Gussman, Nadeau, and Allen on Terminology for Treating Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. (2002), International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(4).

Reynolds, C. M., B. A. Koenen, L. B. Perry, K. L. Foley, D. B. Ringelberg and K. J. McCarthy. Phytoremediation in Korea: Evidence for Rhizosphere-Enhanced Pah Degradation. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 9-16.

Reynolds, C.M., and B. Koenen. Rhizosphere-enhanced bioremediation. (1997), Mil. Eng. 89:32.

Reynolds, C.M., C.S. Pidgeon, L.B. Perry, T.J. Gentry, and D.C. Wolf. Rhizosphere-enhanced benefits for remediating recalcitrant petroleum compounds. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Reynolds, C.M., H.B. Rogers, T.D. Nichols, L.B. Perry, C.A. Beyrouty, D.C. Wolf, and C.H. Racine. Effect of contaminated soil zones on root distribution and characteristics of cold-tolerant plants. (1995), In Platform Abstracts, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, Battelle Memorial Institute, April 24-27, 1995, San Diego, CA.

Reynolds, C.M., H.B. Rogers, T.J. Gentry, C.A. Beyrouty, and D.C. Wolf. Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-containing soils. (1997), The 4th International Petroleum Environmental Conference; Environmental Issues and Solutions in Exploration, Production, and Refining, September 9-12, 1997, San Antonio, TX.

Ribeyre, F., and A. Boudou. Experimental study of inorganic and methylmercury bioaccumulation by four species of freshwater rooted macrophytes from water and sediment contamination sources. (1994), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 28(3):270-2-86.

Rice, P.J., T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Phytoremediation of herbicide contaminated water with aquatic plants. (1996), Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 212:53-AGRO.

Rice, P.J., T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated surface water with aquatic plants. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Rice, P.J., T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats. Evaluation of the use of vegetation for reducing the environmental impact of deicing agents. (1997), In E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats (eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series No. 664. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Rice, P.J., T.A. Anderson, J.C. Anhalt, and J.R Coats. Abstract: Phytoremediation of surface water and soil contaminated with aircraft deicing agents. (1997), In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO. Poster 53.
Terrestrial and aquatic emergent plants were used to remediate and restore soil and surface waters contaminated with glycol-based deicing agents. Rhizosphere soils from five different plant species and nonvegetated soil were treated with [~4C]ethylene glycol (KG) and ['4C]propylene glycol (PG) to determine the influence of vegetation on the degradation rate of these deicing agents in soil. Mineralization rates of ['4C]EG and ['4C]PG showed enhanced degradation in rhizosphere soils compared to nonvegetated and sterile soils. After 28 days at 0 ¦C, 60.4%, 49.6%, and 24.4% of applied ['4C]EG degraded to ~4CO2 in the alfalfa (Medicago saliva), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and nonvegetated soils, respectively. Glycol mineralization was enhanced in all treatments with increased soil temperatures. In addition, vegetated, nonvegetated, and sterile surface water incubation systems, contaminated with ['4C]EG and ['4C]PG, were studied to evaluate the use of aquatic emergent plants to remediate surface waters contaminated with glycol-based deicing agents. Elevated levels of '4CO2 in the whole-plant systems indicate accelerated mineralization in the vegetated treatments compared to the nonvegetated and sterile control treatments. After a 7-day incubation period, Scirpus fluniatilis, Scirpus acutus, and Scirpus validus enhanced the mineralization of ['4C]PG by 11% to 19% and ['4C]EG by 6% to 20%. Results indicate that vegetation may remediate glycol contaminated surface waters and soil, thereby reducing the environmental impact of aircraft deicing agents.

Rice, P.J., T.A. Anderson, J.C. Anhalt, and J.R Coats. Abstract: Phytoremediation of atrazine - and metolachlor - contaminated water with submerged and floating aquatic plants. (1997), In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO. Poster 52.
The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the ability of submerged and floating aquatic plants to accelerate the removal and biotransformation of metolachlor and atrazine from herbicide-contaminated water. Cerataphyllum demersum (coontail), Elodea canadensis (American elodea), and Lemna minor (common duckweed) were added to ['4C]metolachlor- or [ '4C] atrazine-treated surface water incubation systems. The addition of the submerged aquatic plants, C. demersum and E. canadensis, significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the concentration of [~4C]metolachlor and [~4C]atrazine remaining in the water. After a 16-day incubation period only 1.4% and 41.3% of the applied [~4C]metolachlor and [~4C]atrazine remained in the water of the incubations systems containing C. demersum, and 4.1% and 63.2% of the applied ['4C]metolachlor and [~4C]atrazine remained in the incubations systems containing E. canadensis. The nonvegetated incubations systems contained 61.2% and 85% of the applied ['4C]metolachlor and ['4C]atrazine, respectively. L. minor, a floating aquatic plant, only accelerated the removal of ['4C]metolachlor from the treated water. The percent of applied ['4C]atrazine remaining in the L. minor systems (85%) was comparable to the percent of applied [~4C]atrazine remaining in the nonvegetated system (85%). The herbicide-reduction efficiencies of the aquatic plants were, from most efficient to least efficient, C. demersum > E. canadensis > L. minor for both the metolachlor- and atrazine-treated systems. The accelerated degradation of metolachlor and atrazine was more important to the significant reduction of these herbicides in the water of the C. demersum systems than the sequestering of the herbicides in the plant. The quantities of metolachlor and atrazine degradates detected in the water of the vegetated incubation systems were, in descending order, C. demersum > L. minor = E. canadensis. Herbicide accumulation in the plants followed the order of C. demersum = E. canadensis > L. minor for the metolachlor- and atrazine-treated systems. Our results provide evidence that the presence of herbicide tolerant aquatic plants can accelerate the removal and biodegradation of metolachlor and atrazine from herbicide-contaminated waters.

Richardson, M.G. Invited debate/commentary: is bioremediation a green technology?. (1997), Journal of Soil Contamination. 6(3):205-206.

Richter, P., A. Barocsi, Z. Csintalan, M. Kuperberg and J. Szdzuj. Monitoring Soil Phytoremediation by a Portable Chlorophyl. (1998), Field Analyt. Chem. Technol. 2(4): 241-249.

Richter, P.I. Beyond the limitations of spectroscopic monitoring of phytoremediation: applications of synthetic spectral sources. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Richter, P.I., Z. Csintalan, J.M. Kuperberg, and J. Szdzuj. Field monitoring of soil phytoremediation technology by a portable chlorophyll fluorometer. (1998), Fourth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Sept. 15-17, 1998.

Riddle-Black, D., C. Rowlands, and A. Snelson. Heavy metal uptake by Salix and Populus species form sewage sludge amended soil. (1995), pp. 51-52. In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology - Will Plants Have a Role in Bioremediation?, April 19-22, 1995, Columbia, MO. Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Riesen, T.K., and I. Brunner. Effect of ectomycorrhizae and ammonium on 134Cs and 85Sr uptake into Picea abies seedlings. (1996), Environ. Pollut. 93(1):1-8.

Rigitano, R.L.O., R.H. Bromilow, G.G. Briggs, and K. Chamberlain. Phloem translocation of non-ionized chemicals in Ricinus communis. (1987), Pestic. Sci. 19:113-133.

Rigot, J., and F. Matsumura. Abstract: Enhanced biodegradation of xenobiotics in the rhizosphere: Potential for bioremediation. (1994), p. 121. In L.E. Erickson, D.L. Tillison, S.C. Grant, and J.P. McDonald (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Remediation, June 8-10, 1994, Bozeman, MT.

Riley, R.G., and J.M. Zachara. Chemical contaminants on DOE lands and selection of contaminant mixtures for subsurface science research. (1992), U.S. DOE, DOE/ER-0547T, April.

Rimmer, D.L., R.S. Shiel, J.K. Syers, and M. Wilkinson. Effects of soil application of selenium on pasture composition. (1990), J. Sci. Food Agric. 51:407-410.

Rinderle, C., and M.A. Webb. Incorporation of strontium into calcium oxalate crystals in tobacco seedlings. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.
Throughout the world are abandoned mining sites, nuclear waste dumps, and landfills, all which contain toxic compounds in soil. Phytoremediation offers a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to remove such contaminants. Ideally, plants used for the removal of ions should be able to take them up in large amounts. Crystals generally allow for concentrated, high capacity ion accumulation. in many higher plants there are specialized cells which accumulate calcium and precipitate calcium oxalate crystals within the vacuole. We hope to manipulate this calcium oxalate system in the removal of soil contaminants. In this study we have investigated the effect of added Sr on shoot growth, Sr and Ca concentrations in plant shoots, incorporation of strontium into calcium oxalate crystals, and effects on crystal cell density and crystal morphology. Strontium was selected for our studies due to a number of reasons. First of all Sr contamination is a significant problem in our environment. Secondly, properties of Sr are similar to those of calcium, for example: they are both alkaline earth metals, they form divalent cations and have similar ionic radii. In addition, previous studies have reported that Sr has been incorporated into CaOx crystals. Tobacco plants were grown on MS media normally containing 3 mM CaCI2 with treatments in which SrC12 and CaCI2 were added to equal 3 mM. Plants were harvested for analysis after four weeks and the fore-mentioned investigations were performed. Addition of Sr up to 3 mM had little effect on shoot growth as indicated by fresh weight of the plants. Ion analysis results showed that as the Sr concentration in the medium is increased, more Sr is included into the shoot. At our highest Sr concentration, 3 mM, the plants took up over 11000 ppm of Sr, or greater than l% dry weight. X-ray microanalysis of individual crystals isolated from tobacco leaves showed that Sr is incorporated into the crystals; when plants were grown in equimolar Sr and Ca, crystals had equal amounts of Sr and Ca. SEM analysis of crystal morphology revealed significant changes as Sr is increased, most likely due to disturbance of the crystal lattice by Sr incorporation. These results show that tobacco plants can take up substantial amounts of Sr and indicate the potential to exploit crystallization for toxic ion accumulation in phytoremediation.

Ririe, G.T., L.D. Drake, and S.S. Olson. Poster abstract: Phytoremediation of hydrocarbons as part of a site restoration plan in Alaska. (1997), IBC's Second Annual Conference on Phytoremediation, June 18 - 19, 1997, Seattle, WA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Ritter, D. Promoting innovation and invention. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Rivera, R., R.F. Medina, S.L. Larson, and S.C. McCutcheon. Phytotreatment of TNT-contaminated groundwater. (1998), Journal of Soil Contamination. 7 (4): 511-530.

Rivera, R., V. Medina, S. Larson and S. McCutcheon. Phytotreatment of Tnt-Contaminated Groundwater. (1998), J. Soil Contam. 7(4): 511-529.

Robb, G., and J. Robinson. Acid mine drainage prediction and remediation. (1995), Mining Environ. Manage. 3(3):19-21.

Roberts, D.P., and D.R. Fravel. Strategies and techniques for improving biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens. (1992), pp. 323-332. ACS Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety Symposium, April 5-10, 1992, San Francisco, CA.

Robinson, B. H., M. Leblanc, D. Petit, R. R. Brooks, J. H. Kirkman and P. E. H. Greg. The Potential of Thalaspi Caerulescens for Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil. (1998), Plant Soil 203(1): 47-56.

Robinson, B., R. Brooks and B. Clothier. Soil Amendments Affecting Nickel and Cobalt Uptake by Berkheya Coddii: Potential Use for Phytomining and Phytoremediation. (1999), Ann. Bot 84(6): 689-694.

Robinson, B., R. Brooks, P. Gregg and J. Kirkman. The Nickel Phytoextraction Potential of Some Ultramafic Soils as Determined by Sequential Extraction. (1999), Geoderma 87(3-4): 293-304.

Robinson, B., T. Mills, D. Petit, L. Fung, S. Green and B. Clothier. Natural and Induced Cadmium-Accumulation in Poplar and Willow: Implications for Phytoremediation. (2000), PLANT SOIL 227(1-2): 301-306.

Robinson, B.H., A. Chiarucci, R.R. Brooks, D. Petit, J.H. Kirkman, P.E.H. Greg, and V. DeDominicis. The nickel hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum bertolonii as a potential agent for phytoremediation and phytomining of nickel. (1997), Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 59:2, 78-86.

Robinson, B.H., A. Chiarucci, R.R. Brooks, D. Petit, J.H. Kirkman, P.E.H. Gregg, and V. DeDominicis. The nickel hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum bertolonii as a potential agent for phytoremediation and phytomining of nickel. (1997), J. Geochem. Explor. 59(2):75.

Robinson, B.H., R.R. Brooks, A.W. Howes, J.H. Kirkman, and P.E.H. Gregg. The potential of the high-biomass nickel hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii for phytoremediation and phytomining. (1997), J. Geochem. Explor. 60(2):115-126

Robinson, B.H., R.R. Brooks., A.W. Howes, J.H. Kirkman, and E.H. Gregg. The potential of the high-biomass nickel hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii for phytoremediation and phytomining. (1998), Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 60:2, 115-126.

Robinson, J.D.F., and P. Barnes. Wetland treatment of polluted waters. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:339-344. Battelle Memorial Institute.

Rock , S.A. Using trees for closure caps and plume control: regulatory, engineering, and site design considerations. (1998), 14th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils. October 1998. University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA.

Rock, S. Abstract: Phytoremediation field demonstrations in the U.S. EPA SITE program. (1997), Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, April 28 - May 1, 1997, New Orleans, LA. 3:323.

Rock, S. Phytoremediation of petroleum in soil and groundwater. (1997), In P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese (eds.), 12th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils - Analysis, Site Assessment, Fate, Environmental and Human Risk Assessment, Remediation and Regulation, October 20-23, 1997, Amherst, MA. Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Rock, S. Public - private collaboration for research and remediation. (1998), IBC Third Annual International Conference on Phytoremediation: Strategies and Evaluation of Phytoremediation's Performance in the Field. June 22-25, 1998, Huston, TX.

Rock, S. Phytoremediation. (1997), In Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 2nd Edition. Harry Freeman (ed.) McGraw Hill. New York, NY.

Rock, S. Phytoremediation of organic compounds: Mechanisms of action and target contaminants. (1996), In W.W. Kovalick and R. Olexsey (eds.), Workshop on Phytoremediation of Organic Wastes, December 17-19, 1996, Ft. Worth, TX. An RTDF meeting summary.

Rock, S. USEPA SITE Program: Phytoremediation field demonstrations. (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Rock, S., and D. Pope. Phytoremediation. (1996), In Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Sites: Practical Approaches to Implementation. EPA/625/K-96/001. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

Rock, S.A. and P.G. Sayre. Phytoremediation of hazardous wastes: potential regulatory acceptability. (1998), Remediation, Autumn 1998, 5-17.

Rodecap, K.-D., O.-T. Tingey, E.-H. Lee. Iron nutrition influence on cadmium accumulation by Arabidopsis thaliana. (1994), J. Environ. Qual. 23(2):239-246.

Rodriguez-Castillo, R., and M.A. Armienta. Chromium aquifer pollution: Evaluation of environmental impact. (1994), pp. 279-285. Future Groundwater Sources at Risk International Conference, June 13-16, 1994, Helsinki, Finland. IAHS Publication 222. International Association of Hydrological Science/et al.

Rogers, S.M.D., and J. Beech. Regeneration of the emergent wetlands monocot Typha latifolia (Cattail). (1996), International Phytoremediation Conference, May 8-10, 1996, Arlington, VA. International Business Communications, Southborough, MA.

Rogers. H.B., C.A. Beyrouty, T.D. Nichols, D.C. Wolf, and C.M. Reynolds. Selection of cold-tolerant plants for growth in soils contaminated with organics. (1996), J. Soil Contam. 5:171-186.
A mixture of organic chemicals (MOC) containing equal molar amounts of benzoic acid, hexadecane, 2,2-dimethyl 4,n-propyl-benzene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and either cycloheptane or cis-decahydronapthalene (cis-decalin) was applied to soil at rates of 0 to 8000 mg/kg. In a plant-screening experiment, growth responses of four legume and five nonlegume species were determine at 10 and 25¦C. The MOC applied at 2000 mg/kg reduced the growth of several species without resulting in significant seedling death. At 10¦C, the growth of alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) in the 1000 and 2000 mg/kg treatments of soil increased by more than 185%. In a plant growth response experiment alpine bluegrass and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in soil that had been contaminated at rates of 0 and 2000 mg/kg. At 14 weeks, the shoot and root dry weights of alfalfa were 97% lower in the contaminated soil, while the shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root length of alpine bluegrass were 135, 235, and 268% higher, respectively. Except for pyrene, <23% of the compounds comprising the MOC remained in the soil after 4 weeks and <5% after 14 weeks. The disappearance of the MOC was not significantly influenced by the presence of alfalfa or alpine bluegrass.

Romero, F., and C. Elejalde. The uptake of metallic elements by plants from polluted soils. (1985), Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 10(3):247-255.

Romkens, P., J. Japenga and J. Harmsen. Phytoremediation of Soils: Evaluation of Feasibility and Risks Related to Chelate Addition. (2001), Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments. A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Katherine and V. Magar. San Diego, California, Battelle Press: 137-144.

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Recently the use of minced horseradish (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb.) roots has been proposed for the decontamination of waters polluted with chlorinated phenols. In this study the horseradish treatment is further evaluated using water containing phenols and anilines. 2,3-Dichlorophenol sorption by the plant tissues in the absence of H2O2 ranged between 40% at pH 2 and 10% at pH 10. The adsorbed compound could easily be extracted with water and methanol. In the presence of H2O2, most 2,4-dichlorophenol was polymerized and could be removed from the aqueous solution through precipitation or binding to horseradish. The activity of 1 g of minced horseradish roots was equivalent to 22 purpurogallin units of the purified horseradish peroxidase. Maximal precipitation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was observed at pH values ranging from 5 to 7 and at initial substrate concentrations between 7 and 8 mM. Horseradish application resulted in 99% removal of 27 compounds among 50 compounds tested. These results indicate that the use of horseradish is a feasible treatment for waters contaminated with phenols and anilines.

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With global heavy metal contamination increasing, plants that can process heavy metals might provide efficient and ecologically sound approaches to sequestration and removal. Mercuric ion reductase, MerA, converts toxic Hg2+ to the less toxic, relatively inert metallic mercury (Hg0). The bacterial merA sequence is rich in CpG dinucleotides and has a highly skewed codon usage, both of which are particularly unfavorable to efficient express